Table 1.
Viral presence in semen, evidence of sexual transmission, and effects on semen parameters
| Virus | Present in semen, maximum detection (d) | Evidence of sexual transmission | Effects on semen parameters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zika | Yes, 370 | Yes | Transient reduction in sperm count and alteration in morphology (recovered at 120 d)33; impaired motility at 1 y43 |
| Ebola | Yes, 965 | Rare instances | No known effects |
| West Nile | No | No | Single case report of orchitis74 |
| Influenza | No | No | Transient reduction in sperm count (recovered at 79 days) and motility (recovered at 58 days), increased DNA fragmentation index8 |
| SARS | No | No | Gross testicular atrophy,93,94 possible autoimmune orchitis94 |
| SARS-CoV-2 | No | No | Possible autoimmune orchitis102 |