Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients on presentation according to cardiac injury
| Variable | Overall | Cardiac injury |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Total number of observations | 1020 | 390 (38%) | 630 (6%) | |
| Age (years) | 63 (52–73) | 70 (51–89) | 59 (39–79) | |
| ≥65 | 471 (46%) | 256 (66%) | 215 (34%) | <0.001 |
| Female— No. (%) | 511 (50%) | 161 (41%) | 350 (56%) | <0.001 |
| White race | 403 (40%) | 152 (39%) | 251 (40%) | 0.312 |
| Black race | 463 (45%) | 171 (44%) | 292 (46%) | |
| Other race categories | 154 (15%) | 67 (17%) | 87 (14%) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31 (20-42) | 30 (19-41) | 32 (21-43) | <0.001 |
| <18 | 19 (2%) | 2 (0.3%) | 17 (4%) | |
| 18–30 | 419 (41%) | 246 (39%) | 173 (44%) | |
| 30–40 | 398 (39%) | 254 (40%) | 144 (37%) | |
| >40 | 184 (18%) | 128 (20%) | 56 (14%) | |
| Symptoms at Admission | ||||
| Chest pain | 156 (15%) | 46 (12%) | 110 (18%) | 0.021 |
| Fever | 539 (53%) | 176 (45%) | 363 (58%) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 679 (67%) | 226 (58%) | 453 (72%) | 0.001 |
| Myalgias | 250 (25%) | 74 (19%) | 176 (28%) | 0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 686 (67%) | 243 (62%) | 443 (70%) | 0.008 |
| GI symptoms | 366 (36%) | 127 (33%) | 239 (38%) | 0.103 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 742 (73%) | 333 (85%) | 409 (65%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 452 (44%) | 191 (49%) | 261 (41%) | 0.020 |
| Heart failure | 127 (13%) | 97 (25%) | 30 (5%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 123 (12%) | 80 (21%) | 43 (7%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 66 (7%) | 48 (12%) | 18 (3%) | <0.001 |
| Any cardiovascular disease | 268 (26%) | 174 (45%) | 94 (15%) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 59 (12%) | 39 (20%) | 20 (7%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 308 (30%) | 197 (51%) | 111 (18%) | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 361 (25%) | 165 (42%) | 199 (31%) | 0.001 |
| COPD | 105 (10%) | 50 (13%) | 55 (9%) | 0.040 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 90 (9%) | 45 (12%) | 45 (7%) | 0.025 |
| Asthma | 104 (10%) | 22 (6%) | 82 (13%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic hypoxic respiratory failure | 30 (3%) | 16 (4%) | 14 (2%) | 0.083 |
| Immunosuppression | 155 (15%) | 74 (19%) | 81 (13%) | 0.008 |
| Cirrhosis | 8 (0.8%) | 5 (1%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0.150 |
| Medications | ||||
| Antiplatelet | 327 (32%) | 167 (43%) | 160 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 96 (9%) | 64 (16%) | 32 (5%) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ ARB | 360 (35%) | 170 (44%) | 190 (30%) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 137 (27%) | 87 (44%) | 50 (16%) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 150 (30%) | 76 (38%) | 74 (24%) | 0.001 |
| Statin | 417 (41%) | 183 (47%) | 234 (37%) | 0.007 |
| Diuretic | 99 (20%) | 64 (324%) | 35 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Systemic steroids | 46 (5%) | 14 (4%) | 32 (5%) | 0.260 |
| Immunosuppressant | 41 (4%) | 13 (3%) | 28 (4%) | 0.380 |
| Insulin use | 158 (16%) | 74 (20%) | 84 (14%) | 0.020 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 135 (133–138) | 136 (133–139) | 135 (133–138) | 0.08 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.9 (3.6–4.4) | 4.0 (3.7–4.5) | 3.9 (3.5–4.2) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L | 24 (22–26) | 23 (20–25) | 24 (22–26) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 19 (13–33) | 30 (19–48) | 15 (11–22) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–3.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | <0.001 |
| GFR (ml/min) | 69 (40–93) | 44 (21–68) | 81 (57–101) | <0.001 |
| WBC (K/µL) | 6.4 (4.7–8.9) | 6.8 (4.9–10.3) | 6.4 (5.0–8.8) | 0.096 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.0 (11.8–14.3) | 12.7 (11.2–14.4) | 13 (12–14) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil Count (K/µL) | 4.8 (3.3–7.1) | 5.3 (3.7–8.9) | 4.9 (3.3–6.8) | 0.006 |
| Lymphocyte count (K/µL) | 0.90 (0.60–1.20) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (K/µL) | 200 (154–269) | 197 (146–263) | 216 (169–280) | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 37 (26–58) | 44 (29–66) | 34 (24–52) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 24 (15–38) | 25 (15–41) | 24 (16–36) | 0.915 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.002 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 3.5 (3.2–3.8) | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 3.6 (3.3–3.8) | <0.001 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 350 (264–475) | 400 (287–533) | 334 (254–452) | <0.001 |
| CPK (IU/L) | 183.0 (90–429) | 263 (133–625) | 151 (77–323) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 9.7 (4.8–15.7) | 12.0 (7.0–19.1) | 8.8 (3.1–14.9) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 540 (263–1078) | 658 (309–1294) | 425 (203–916) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (µg/ml) | 1.30 (0.7–2.5) | 1.9 (1.1–3.8) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | <0.001 |
| High sensitivity troponin (ng/L) | 16.5 (6.2–32.0) | 43 (27-87) | 8.0 (2.3-14) | <0.001 |
| Chest imaging findings | ||||
| Normal | 144 (14%) | 56 (14%) | 88 (14%) | 0.153 |
| Unilateral pneumonia | 135 (13%) | 54 (14%) | 81 (13%) | |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 224 (22%) | 71 (18%) | 153 (24%) | |
| Multi-focal pneumonia | 308 (49%) | 209 (54%) | 517 (51%) | |
Abbreviations: ACEi = Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; ALT = Alanine Aminotransferase; ARB = Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers; AST = Aspartate Aminotransferase; BUN = Blood Urea Nitrogen; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CPK = Creatine Phosphokinase; CRP = C-Reactive Protein; GFR = Glomerular Filtration Rate; LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase; WBC = White Blood Cell.