Table 2.
Group differences between aerobic training and control groups.
| Aerobic Training (n = 23) | Control (n = 23) | Group Difference in Change | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Change | Baseline | Follow-Up | Change | Cohen's d | p | |
| VO2 peak (ml.kg−1.min−1) | 22.1 ± 6.4 | 24.5 ± 6.6 | 2.4 ± 4.1 | 21.5 ± 5.1 | 20.7 ± 6.1 | -0.8 ± 3.2 | 0.88 | 0.003 |
| MET.Minutes per week in MVPA | 611.4 ± 792.9 | 985.4 ± 619.4 | 374.0 ± 685.5 | 1401.8 ± 1604.9 | 1127.3 ± 1348.4 | -274.6 ± 1106.2 | 0.41 | 0.012 |
| Accelerometry (average vector magnitude) | 25.0 ± 6.2 | 24.8 ± 6.0 | -0.2 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 5.7 | 23.2 ± 5.9 | -0.1 ± 1.9 | -0.03 | 0.457 |
| Executive Function | ||||||||
| Digit Span: Forward | 10.9 ± 2.4 | 11.1 ± 2.3 | 0.2 ± 1.7 | 11.1 ± 2.0 | 10.8 ± 1.6 | -0.3 ± 1.7 | 0.31 | 0.173 |
| Digit Span: Backward | 9.2 ± 2.1 | 9.8 ± 2.3 | 0.6 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 0.0 ± 2.1 | 0.30 | 0.174 |
| Digit Span: Sequence | 8.5 ± 1.8 | 9.2 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 1.6 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | -0.08 | 0.424 |
| Fluency: Category | 23.5 ± 6.7 | 24.7 ± 6.4 | 1.3 ± 5.1 | 21.7 ± 4.1 | 23.6 ± 5.3 | 1.9 ± 4.2 | -0.13 | 0.335 |
| Fluency: Letter | 15.2 ± 3.9 | 18.1 ± 4.9 | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 15.4 ± 4.1 | 17.9 ± 4.6 | 2.5 ± 4.5 | 0.09 | 0.392 |
| TMT: B* (s) | -65.5 ± 30.7 | -55.0 ± 25.6 | 10.5 ± 18.3 | -57.9 ± 17.5 | -59.4 ± 27.9 | -1.5 ± 31.8 | 0.46 | 0.062 |
| One-Back Accuracy | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | -0.30 | 0.154 |
| Two-Back Accuracy | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.47 | 0.059 |
| Memory | ||||||||
| HVLT-R: Total Recall | 27.3 ± 5.1 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | -0.7 ± 4.2 | 25.9 ± 5.2 | 25.0 ± 4.8 | -1.0 ± 4.0 | 0.07 | 0.423 |
| HVLT-R: Delayed Recall | 10.0 ± 2.4 | 9.5 ± 2.9 | -0.5 ± 2.1 | 8.3 ± 3.2 | 8.8 ± 2.5 | 0.4 ± 2.4 | -0.41 | 0.104 |
| HVLT-R: Recognition | 10.6 ± 1.8 | 11.0 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 1.6 | 0.6 ± 2.1 | -0.07 | 0.435 |
| RCF: Immediate Recall | 19.6 ± 5.6 | 23.7 ± 6.6 | 4.1 ± 3.9 | 18.2 ± 5.9 | 21.4 ± 5.8 | 3.2 ± 4.4 | 0.21 | 0.249 |
| RCF: Delayed Recall | 18.9 ± 6.1 | 22.6 ± 6.6 | 3.6 ± 4.2 | 16.8 ± 5.6 | 21.2 ± 5.6 | 4.4 ± 3.0 | -0.22 | 0.238 |
| RCF: Recognition | 9.3 ± 1.7 | 9.7 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 1.9 | 9.1 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 0.4 ± 1.6 | 0.02 | 0.500 |
| Continuous Paired Associate Errors* | -76.1 ± 44.7 | -52.7 ± 45.1 | 23.5 ± 34.1 | -74.2 ± 48.9 | -77.7 ± 70.1 | -3.5 ± 57.2 | 0.57 | 0.030 |
| Processing Speed | ||||||||
| TMT: A* (s) | -24.4 ± 7.4 | -25.8 ± 10.5 | -1.4 ± 8.6 | -25.4 ± 5.6 | -28.2 ± 7.8 | -2.7 ± 7.0 | 0.17 | 0.299 |
| Digit Coding | 70.0 ± 12.0 | 72.5 ± 13.4 | 2.6 ± 6.1 | 65.0 ± 15.6 | 64.7 ± 15.6 | -0.3 ± 5.7 | 0.48 | 0.056 |
| Simple: Reaction Time* (ms) | -271.9 ± 33.0 | -273.8 ± 26.0 | -1.9 ± 25.0 | -276.9 ± 52.3 | -274.8 ± 33.2 | 2.1 ± 39.6 | -0.12 | 0.341 |
| Choice: Reaction Time* (ms) | -300.8 ± 29.7 | -300.6 ± 28.6 | 0.3 ± 24.5 | -308.3 ± 60.2 | -312.5 ± 46.3 | -4.2 ± 37.4 | 0.14 | 0.326 |
| Simple: Movement Time* (ms) | -232.1 ± 54.0 | -239.3 ± 63.8 | -7.2 ± 52.8 | -250.4 ± 65.8 | -246.0 ± 45.9 | 4.4 ± 41.0 | -0.24 | 0.209 |
| Choice: Reaction Time* (ms) | -249.9 ± 52.5 | -264.9 ± 66.3 | -15.0 ± 61.7 | -256.5 ± 72.2 | -274.5 ± 79.1 | -18.0 ± 69.8 | 0.04 | 0.442 |
| Detection Speed* (log10 ms) | -2.5 ± 0.1 | -2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | -2.6 ± 0.1 | -2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | -0.46 | 0.068 |
| Identification Speed* (log10 ms) | -2.7 ± 0.1 | -2.7 ± 0. | 0.0 ± 0.0 | -2.7 ± 0.1 | -2.7 ± 0.05 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | -0.15 | 0.309 |
| MRI Measures | ||||||||
| Left Hippocampus (%) | 0.245 ± 0.023 | 0.244 ± 0.026 | -0.001 ± 0.005 | 0.236 ± 0.034 | 0.236 ± 0.032 | 0.000 ± 0.009 | -0.10 | 0.367 |
| Right Hippocampus (%) | 0.253 ± 0.026 | 0.254 ± 0.031 | 0.001 ± 0.008 | 0.242 ± 0.034 | 0.242 ± 0.035 | -0.001 ± 0.008 | 0.25 | 0.197 |
| Left Anterior Hippocampus (%) | 0.127 ± 0.015 | 0.127 ± 0.015 | 0.000 ± 0.003 | 0.125 ± 0.019 | 0.126 ± 0.018 | 0.001 ± 0.005 | -0.13 | 0.326 |
| Right Anterior Hippocampus (%) | 0.141 ± 0.018 | 0.142 ± 0.021 | 0.001 ± 0.006 | 0.137 ± 0.021 | 0.137 ± 0.021 | 0.000 ± 0.006 | 0.13 | 0.183 |
| Global FA | 0.478 ± 0.013 | 0.477 ± 0.013 | -0.001 ± 0.003 | 0.475 ± 0.015 | 0.474 ± 0.015 | -0.001 ± 0.003 | -0.07 | 0.403 |
| Global AD (x103) | 1.071 ± 0.020 | 1.071 ± 0.024 | 0.000 ± 0.007 | 1.075 ± 0.025 | 1.075 ± 0.022 | 0.000 ± 0.007 | -0.02 | 0.470 |
| Global RD (x103) | 0.482 ± 0.019 | 0.483 ± 0.020 | 0.001 ± 0.003 | 0.487 ± 0.024 | 0.488 ± 0.022 | 0.001 ± 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.423 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation.
⁎
reverse scored so that higher scores indicate better performance. N=24 for control group for accelerometry analysis.