Table 1.

Prevalence of sociodemographics and familial and hygienic risk factors, according to the results of the ¹³-C urea breath test.

Predictor of infection	Negative -ve		Positive + ve		P value
	Frequency	Percentage 95% CI	Frequency	Percentage 95% CI
Age
4–5	48	17.1 (16.0–18.8)	8	16.7 (6.6–26.8)	NS†
6–11	124	44.3 (42.1–46.5)	25	52.1 (38.5–65.7)
12–17	108	38.6 (36.4–40.8)	15	31.3 (18.7–43.9)
Gender
Male	142	50.9 (48.6–53.2)	26	54.2 40.7–68.4)	NS†
Female	137	49.1 (46.8–51.4)	22	45.8 (32.3–59.3)
School
No School	33	12 (10.4–13.6)	5	10.4 (2.1–18.7)	NS†
Public	138	50.2 (47.8–52.6)	26	54.2 (40.7–67.7)
Private	52	18.9 (17.0–20.8)	13	27.1 (15.0–39.2)
UNRWA	52	18.9 (17.0–20.8)	4	8.3 (0.8–15.8)
Grade
Primary	172	70.8 (67.9–73.7)	35	77.8 (66.0–89.6)	NS†
Secondary	71	29.2 (26.3–32.1)	10	22.2 (10.4–34.0)
City
Urban Area	154	55 (53.2–57.6)	38	79.2 (68.2–90.2)	0.007
Rural Area	126	44.6 (42.4–46.8)	10	20.8 (9.8–31.8)
Water Source
Filtered + Bottled Water	190	67.9 (65.8–70.1)	27	56.3 (42.8–69.8)	NS†
Municipal + Well Water	90	32.1 (30.0–34.2)	21	43.8 (30.3–57.3)
Monthly Financial Income
>700 US $	165	58.9 (56.7–61.1)	32	66.7 (53.9–79.5)	NS†
>700 US $	115	41 (38.9–43.3)	16	33.4 (20.6–46.2)
Mother Educational Level
School	152	54.3 (52.1–56.6)	22	45.8 (32.3–59.3)	NS†
Post School	128	45.7 (43.4–48.0)	26	54.2 (40.7–67.7)
Father Educational Level
School	167	59.6 (57.4–61.8)	32	66.7 (53.9–79.5)	NS†
Post School	113	40.4 (38.2–42.6)	16	33.3 (20.5–46.1)
Any Smoker at Home
No	107	38.2 (36.0–40.4)	16	33.3 (20.5–46.1)	NS†
Yes	173	61.8 (59.6–64.0)	32	66.7 (53.9–79.5)
Family History:
Heartburn
No	176	62.9 (60.7–65.1)	27	56.3 (42.8–69.8)	NS†
Yes	104	37.1 (34.9–39.3)	21	43.8 (30.3–57.3)
Chronic Stomach Pain
No	176	62.9 (60.7–65.1)	26	54.2 (40.8–67.8)	NS†
Yes	104	37.1 (34.9–39.3)	22	45.8 (32.3–59.3)
H. pylori/Tt with Triple Therapy in Family Member
No	248	88.6 (87.2–90.0)	33	68.8 (56.2–81.4)	0.001
Yes	32	11.4 (10.0–12.8)	15	31.2 (18.6–43.8)
Gastric/Intestinal Ulcer
No	245	87.5 (86.0–90.0)	41	85.4 (75.8–95.0)	NS†
Yes	35	12.5 (11.0–14.0)	7	14.6 (5.0–24.2)
Gastric Cancer
No	265	94.6 (93.6–99.9)	47	97.9 (94.0–101.8)	NS†
Yes	15	5.4 (0.1–0.7)	1	2.1 (1.8–6.0)
Intestinal Cancer
No	279	99.6 (98.6–99.4)	48	100 (99.9–100.0)	NS†
Yes	1	0.4 (0.1–0.7)	0	0 (–0.01–0.01)
Hygienic Habits
Buying Food from Hawkers around Home/School
No	110	45.5 (42.3–48.7)	21	47.7 (33.4–62.0)	NS†
Yes	132	54.5 (51.2–57.7)	23	52.3 (34.0–66.6)
Using School Toilets
No	124	52.3 (48.9–55.7)	11	28.2 (14.3–42.1)	0.004
Yes	113	47.7 (44.3–51.1)	28	71.8 (57.9–85.7)
Drinking Tap Water at School
No	207	87.7 (85.5–89.9)	34	87.2 (76.9–97.5)	NS†
Yes	29	12.3 (10.1–14.5)	5	12.8 (2.5–23.1)
Hands Washed after Coming Back Home (Back from School)
No	36	14.7 (12.4–17.0)	14	31.8 (18.4–45.2)	0.008
Yes	209	85.3 (83.0–87.6)	30	68.2 (54.8–81.6)
Hands Washed before Meal
No	60	21.7 (19.8–23.6)	7	14.6 (5.0–24.2)	NS†
Yes	217	78.3 (76.4–80.2)	41	85.4 (75.8–95.0)
Hands Washed after Meal
No	20	7.2 (6.0–8.4)	5	10.4 (2.1–18.7)	NS†
Yes	256	92.8 (91.6–94.0)	43	89.6 (81.3–98.0)
Hands Washed after Using Toilet
No	17	6.1 (5.0–7.2)	6	12.8 (3.6–22.0)	NS†
Yes	260	93.9 (92.5–94.8)	41	87.2 (78.0–96.4)
Hands Washed after Contact with Animals
No	63	24.8 (22.3–27.3)	12	28.6 (15.3–41.9)	NS†
Yes	191	75.2 (72.3–77.7)	30	71.4 (58.1–84.7)
Sharing Cup/Dish/Towel
No	111	40.2 (37.9–42.5)	18	37.5 (24.3–50.7)	NS†
Yes	165	59.8 (57.5–62.1)	30	62.5 (49.3–75.7)
Eating in One Dish with Family
No	96	34.7 (37.9–42.5)	18	37.5 (24.3–50.7)	NS†
Yes	181	65.3 (63.1–67.5)	30	62.5 (49.3–75.7)

Numbers might not add up due to some missing data.

†NS, not statistically significant.