Table 10.

Other growth factor and recombinant proteins: outcomes of RCTs.

Ref	Type of growth factor	Wound closure	Mean time to heal in treatment groups	Mechanism mentioned as complete healing		Confounders				Further outcomes
				Granulation tissue	Reepithelialization	Sex	Baseline HbA1c	Wound size	Offloading	Recurrence rate	Amputation rate
[29]	Topical rhVEGF (telbermin)	A positive however nonsignificant trend towards healing in the treated group	32.5-43 days	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	27% in the VEGF group versus 33% in the placebo group	NM
[30]	Erythropoietin, epoetin beta	No significant results. 26.7% of patients receiving EPO achieved complete wound closure within 12 weeks, whereas only 14.3% in the placebo control arm	44 days	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM
[31]	Talactoferrin gel	The active arms showed a trend toward improvement over placebo (p = 0.09) 33% complete healing after 30 days in the active group versus 19% in the placebo group	30 days	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM
[32]	Chrysalin® (TP508 or rusalatide)	More than doubled the incidence of complete healing (p < 0.05), increased the mean closure rate 80% (p < 0.05), and decreased the median time to 100% closure by 40% (p < 0.05).	80 days to 100% closure in 10 μg Chrysalin®	Y	Y	NM	NM	NM	NM	NM	1 in 1 μg Chrysalin®
[33]	TGF beta2	Proportion of patients with wound closure increased in TGF-β2 at doses of 0.05 μg/cm2 (p = 0.046) and 0.5 μg/cm2 (p = 0.025) and group with standardized care treatment (p = 0.009). In total, the mean time to complete wound closure was shorter in TGF-β 0.5 μg/cm2 (p = 0.03) compared with the placebo group	13 weeks in high-dose TGF beta	NM	NM	N	N	Y(-)	NM	NM	NM

VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; Y: yes; N: no; NM: not mentioned.