Table 1.
Descriptive variables of the sample.
| Whole sample (n = 129) | Males (n = 35) | Females (n = 94) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Age (years) | 76.2 ± 5.4 | 76.2 ± 6.1 | 76.2 ± 5.1 |
| Height (cm) | 156.6 ± 8.6 | 166.8 ± 5.9 | 152.4 ± 5.3∗ |
| Weight (kg) | 68.4 ± 11.7 | 77.4 ± 10.2 | 64.7 ± 10.2∗ |
| BMI (kg/cm2) | 28.9 ± 5.1 | 27.9 ± 3.5 | 29.3 ± 5.6 |
| Fitness variables | |||
| Balance (s) | 23.9 ± 5.1 | 25.3 ± 23.6 | 23.2 ± 21.4 |
| Lower body strength (reps.) | 14.2 ± 3.3 | 13.7 ± 3.8 | 14.4 ± 3.0 |
| Lower body flexibility (cm) | −8.2 ± 11.1 | −12.0 ± 11.5 | −6.6 ± 10.5∗ |
| Agility (s) | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 1.4 |
| Gait speed (s) | 17.3 ± 3.6 | 15.8 ± 3.3 | 17.9 ± 3.6∗ |
| Aerobic capacity (m) | 504.1 ± 108.7 | 542.7 ± 97.9 | 488.8 ± 109.4∗ |
| pQCT variables | |||
| Tt.BMC 4% (g) | 2.79 ± 0.77 | 3.84 ± 0.55 | 2.40 ± 0.37∗ |
| Tt.Ar 4% (mm2) | 1118.71 ± 169.64 | 1325.24 ± 150.71 | 1069.26 ± 115.46∗ |
| Tt.BMD 4% (mg/cm3) | 244.06 ± 47.27 | 291.05 ± 36.51 | 226.56 ± 38.04∗ |
| Tb.BMD 4% (mg/cm3) | 194.44 ± 39.56 | 223.39 ± 32.29 | 183.66 ± 36.61∗ |
| Tt.BMC 38% (g) | 3.07 ± 0.73 | 3.82 ± 0.94 | 2.79 ± 0.36∗ |
| Tt.Ar 38% (mm2) | 377.68 ± 71.04 | 437.56 ± 100.44 | 355.15 ± 36.91∗ |
| Tt.BMD 38% (mg/cm3) | 808.57 ± 98.80 | 868.84 ± 78.07 | 786.13 ± 96.59∗ |
| Ct.BMD 38% (mg/cm3) | 1134.70 ± 41.39 | 1153.70 ± 33.84 | 1127.63 ± 41.87∗ |
| Ct.Th 38% (mm) | 4.38 ± 0.91 | 5.18 ± 1.04 | 4.09 ± 0.64∗ |
| Fracture load X 38% (N) | 3323.97 ± 956.87 | 4627.43 ± 746.93 | 2852.50 ± 454.49∗ |
| SSIp 38% (mm3) | 1471.25 ± 417.23 | 2032 ± 324.34 | 1262.36 ± 196.44∗ |
| MCSA 66%(mm2) | 5943.72 ± 1136.91 | 7169.67 ± 969.92 | 5489.15 ± 814.00∗ |
| DXA variables | |||
| Trochanter aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.627 ± 0.122 | 0.729 ± 0.126 | 0.583 ± 0.090∗ |
| Neck aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.666 ± 0.112 | 0.744 ± 0.101 | 0.632 ± 0.090∗ |
| Ward's triangle aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.472 ± 0.126 | 0.516 ± 0.120 | 0.453 ± 0.124∗ |
| Total hip aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.801 ± 0.140 | 0.918 ± 0.139 | 0.752 ± 0.108∗ |
| Lumbar spine aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.925 ± 0.191 | 1.070 ± 0.200 | 0.863 ± 0.149∗ |
| Subtotal lean mass (kg) | 38.752 ± 8.212 | 49.022 ± 5.204 | 34.317 ± 4.408∗ |
SD: standard deviation; reps: repetitions; pQCT: peripheral quantitative computed tomography; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; aBMD: areal bone mineral density; Tt.BMC: total bone mineral content; Tt.Ar: total bone area; Tt.BMD: total bone mineral density; Tb.BMD: trabecular bone mineral density; Ct.BMD: cortical bone mineral density; Ct.Th: cortical thicknes; MCSA: muscle area; SSIp: polar stress strain index. ∗Statistical significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05).