Table 3.

Comparison between the large-scale bioprocessing strategies for mesenchymal stem cells.

Characteristic	Multilayered flask	Spinner flask	Rotating bottle	Bioreactor
Automation	No	No	No	Yes
Cost	Low	Medium	Medium	High
Technical difficulty	Low	Medium	Medium	High
Manpower needed	High	Medium	Medium	Low
Shear stress	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mass transfer	Low	High	High	High
Ease of scale-up	Low	High	Medium	High
Ease of monitoring	Low	Medium	Medium	High
Ease of cell collection	High	Medium to high	High	Medium to high
2D or 3D culture	2D	3D	2D	3D