Table 1.

Characterization techniques for synthesized CuONPs.

S/N	Techniques	Properties	Parameters	Ref
1	UV visible spectroscopy	NP formation	Confirmation for the synthesis	[104]
2	Scanning tunneling microscope	Size and morphology analysis	Topology and chemical analysis	[105]
3	Atomic force microscope	Size and morphology analysis	Size, morphology, surface roughness and texture	[106]
4	Scanning electron microscope	Size and morphology analysis	Topology, size, morphology, crystallographic structure and composition	[107]
5	Dynamic light scattering	Size and morphology analysis	Amorphous contents and polymorphism	[83]
6	Transmission electron microscope	Size and morphology analysis	Topology, size, morphology and crystallographic structure	[108]
7	Differential scanning calorimetry	Thermal analysis	Amorphous contents and polymorphism	[83]
8	Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy	Optical characterization and Functional group analysis	Identification of functional groups	[109]
9	Zeta potential	Surface analysis	Colloidal stability and surface charge	[110]
10	Energy dispersive X-ray	Elemental analysis	Chemical composition and purity	[111]
11	X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy	Elemental analysis	Chemical composition and thickness of coating	[112]
12	X-ray absorption spectrometry	Elemental analysis	Electronic structure and elemental composition	[113]
13	Particle size analysis (PSA)	size analysis	To measure the distribution of size	[114]