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. 2020 Jul 23;10:12288. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68732-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cumulative active permeation (a) through treated and untreated polysulfone membranes, and Strat-M membrane (skin mimic) from Gel B, and (b) through Strat-M membrane from ferulic acid aqueous solution, nanoencapsulated ferulic acid dispersion, and Gel B. Data represent mean ± SD (n = 3). Significant difference (p < 0.05): *Untreated membrane versus treated membrane, treated membrane versus Strat-M, and untreated membrane versus Strat-M. ^#Ferulic acid solution versus nanoencapsulated ferulic acid, nanoencapsulated ferulic acid versus Gel B, and ferulic acid solution versus Gel B. ^##Gel B versus nanoencapsulated ferulic acid and ferulic acid solution. **Ferulic acid solution versus Gel B and nanoencapsulated ferulic.