Table 6. Subgroup analysis of cohort studies for the associations of dietary intake with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and lipid profile.
| Variable | CVD | Elevated BP/hypertension | Elevated/high TC | Elevated/high total TG | Low HDL-C | High LDL-C | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (I2) | OR/HR (95% CI) | N (I2) | OR/HR (95% CI) | N (I2) | OR/HR (95% CI) | N (I2) | OR/HR (95% CI) | N (I2) | OR/HR (95% CI) | N (I2) | OR/HR (95% CI) | ||
| Food items | |||||||||||||
| Fruits | 2 (37.9%) | 0.38 (0.29–0.51) | |||||||||||
| Vegetables | 4 (0%) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | |||||||||||
| Fish | 2 (4.1%) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 3 (56.9%) | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 2 (0%) | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 2 (43.1%) | 1.11 (0.95–1.31) | |||||
| Seafood | 2 (87.7%) | 0.91 (0.44–1.88) | |||||||||||
| Eggs | 1 (NA) | 1.14 (0.87–1.49) | 1 (NA) | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) | |||||||||
| Meat | 3 (78.3%) | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | 1 (NA) | 0.68 (0.56–0.83) | |||||||||
| Milk and dairy | 2 (90.6%) | 0.68 (0.45–1.05) | 2 (93.1%) | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | |||||||||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 2 (0%) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 1 (NA) | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | 1 (NA) | 1.55 (1.18–2.03) | |||||||
| Micronutrients | |||||||||||||
| Calcium | 1 (NA) | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | |||||||||||
| Vitamin B6 | 2 (67.9%) | 0.63 (0.32–1.22) | |||||||||||
| Dietary pattern | |||||||||||||
| Healthy pattern | 2 (53.9%) | 0.98 (0.60–1.61) | 5 (52.3%) | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | |||||||||
| Unhealthy pattern | 4 (73.1%) | 0.80 (0.50–1.27) | 3 (0%) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | |||||||||
Bold and italic text indicates significant associations. Underlining indicates a difference in the significance level from the overall analysis.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol cholesterol; N, number of individual population; I2, heterogeneity I-square; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.