Table 3. Summary of nutrition guidelines for Asian countries to reduce clinical risk factors of ASCVD.
| Asian country | Recommendations | Guidelines |
|---|---|---|
| Japan | - Limit total energy intake and maintain an appropriate body weight | Japan Atherosclerosis Society guidelines for prevention of ASCVDs 201736 |
| - Limit the percentage of energy derived from fat for an appropriate total energy intake | ||
| - For an appropriate total energy intake, reduce the amount of SFAs or substitute SFAs with PUFAs and reduce the intake of trans fatty acids | ||
| - Increase intake of omega-3 PUFAs | ||
| - Increase intake of MUFAs as part of appropriate total energy intake | ||
| - Decrease cholesterol intake to <200 mg/day | ||
| - Increase consumption of (green and yellow) vegetables, seaweed, fruit, soy, and soy products | ||
| - Decrease consumption of processed foods | ||
| - Follow the low-salt Japanese dietary pattern with reduced consumption of fat on meat and animal fats such as beef tallow, lard, and butter and consume a combination of soy, fish, vegetables, seaweed, mushrooms, fruits, and unpolished grains | ||
| China | - SFAs should be <7% of total energy | 2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults46 |
| - Dietary cholesterol should be less than 300 mg/day | ||
| - Dietary fiber should be 25–40 g/day | ||
| - Total energy should be adjusted to a level to maintain an ideal body weight or reduce body weight | ||
| Taiwan | - DASH diet rich in fruits and vegetables, rich in low-fat dairy products, and low in saturated fat and cholesterol | 2017 Taiwan lipid guidelines for high risk patients47 |
| - Adequate weight reduction | ||
| - Reduction of excess alcohol intake | ||
| - Avoid trans fat intake | ||
| - EPA and DHA are recommended | ||
| - Sodium restriction to 2–4 g/day | ||
| Malaysia | - Total fats should account for 20%–25% of the daily calorie intake with an upper limit of 30% of total energy | Malaysian Ministry of Health Management of dyslipidemia guidelines 201748 |
| - Saturated fat should account for <10% of total calories. SFAs should be replaced by PUFAs, MUFAs, or complex carbohydrates such as whole grains and oatmeal | ||
| - Trans fats should be <1% of total calories | ||
| - Dietary cholesterol should be <200 mg/day | ||
| - Total carbohydrates should be 50%–60% of total calorie intake with an emphasis on whole grains | ||
| - Proteins should account for 15%–20% of total calories with an emphasis on vegetable proteins | ||
| - Patients with hypertriglyceridemia should consume 2–4 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids from food and/or supplements | ||
| - Consume fiber-rich foods that contribute at least 20–30 g of fiber/day. | ||
| - Consume 2–3 g/day of plant sterols and stanols |
ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; SFA, saturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; EPA, eicosatetraenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DASH, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension.