Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcomes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author, year | N | Age, yearsa | BMI, kg/m2a | Female; N, % | Intervention(s) | Primary delivery mode | Group or individual | Length, months | Comparison | Measurements | Time points, monthsb |
| Randomized controlled trials | |||||||||||
| Blevins, 200833 | 41 | 20.7 (1.4) | 29.6 (1.9) | 41 (100) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 2 | SBT | Weight; anxiety; depression; binge eating; body dissatisfaction | 2, 5 |
| Carpenter, 201774 | 75 | 47.3 (10.0) | 31.5 (2.3) | 69 (92) | MBCT | Telephone and email | Individual | 6 | SBT | Weight; anxiety; depression; stress; psychological flexibility; binge eating; emotional eating; mindful eating | 6 |
| Daubenmier, 201167,87 | 47 |
MBCT: 40.4 (8.0); No/min: 41.4 (6.7) |
31.2 (4.8) | 47 (100) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 4 | No/min | Weight; anxiety; stress; disinhibition; emotional eating; dietary restraint; | 4 |
| Daubenmier, 201668,88 | 194 |
MBCT: 47.2 (13.0); SBT: 47.8 (12.4) |
MBCT: 35.4 (3.5); SBT: 35.6 (3.8) |
MBCT: 79 (79); SBT: 81 (86) |
MBCT | Face to face | Group | 5½ | SBT | Weight; DBP; SBP; fasting glucose; HbA1c; HDL; LDL; TG; TG HDL ratio; waist circumference | 3, 6, 12, 18 |
| Davis, 200835 | 71 | 45.1 (8.3) | 32.9 (3.7) | 63 (89) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 6 | SBT, SBT + RE | Weight; mindfulness; disinhibition; emotional eating; dietary restraint; hunger; body dissatisfaction | 3, 6 |
| Goldbacher, 201631 | 79 | 45.6 (10.5) | 36.2 (4.1) | 75 (95) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 5 | SBT | Weight; emotional eating | 5 |
| Kristeller, 201440 | 150 | 46.6 | 40.3 | 132 (88) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 5¼ | SBT, No/min | BMI; depression; binge eating; disinhibition; dietary restraint; hunger | 6, 9 |
| Lee,201736 | 53 | 47.7 (11.3) | 34.5 (4.8) | 48 (91) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 3 | SBT | Weight; stress; mindfulness; mindful eating; DBP; SBP; waist circumference | 3, 6, 9 |
| McKee, 201442 | 60 | 37.6 (13.5)c | 32.6 (4.9)c | 40 (72)c | MBCT | Face to face and email | Group and individual | 2 | SBT | Weight; mindfulness; waist circumference | 2, 3 |
| Miller, 201269,89 | 68 | MBCT: 53.9 (8.2);SBT: 54.0 (7.0)c |
MBCT: 36.2 (1.2); SBT: 36.1 (1.2)c |
33 (63.5)c | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 6 | SBT | Weight; anxiety; depression; mindfulness; disinhibition; dietary restraint; hunger; fasting glucose; HbA1c; waist circumference | 3, 4, 6 |
| Palmeira, 201737,70 | 73 |
MBCT: 42.0 (8.8) SBT: 42.7 (8.4) |
MBCT: 34.8 (5.26) SBT: 33.7 (4.8) |
73 (100) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 3½ | SBT | BMI; QoL; mindfulness; disinhibition; emotional eating; total cholesterol; waist circumference | 3.5 |
| Raja‐Khan, 201732,61 | 86 | 44.5 (12.5) | 38.9 (8.7) | 86 (100) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 2 | SBT | Weight; anxiety; depression; stress; mindfulness; DBP; SBP; fasting glucose; HbA1c; LDL | 2, 4 |
| Smith, 201845 | 40 |
MBCT: 58.6 (4.7); SBT: 58.6 (5.2)c |
MBCT: 34.7 (4.3); SBT: 38.2 (7.1)c |
36 (100)c | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 12 | SBT | Weight; binge eating | 1½, 4, 9, 12 |
| Spadaro, 201746,90 | 49 | 45.2 (8.2)c | 32.5 (3.7)c | 40 (87)c | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 6 | SBT | Weight; mindfulness; disinhibition; dietary restraint; hunger | 3, 6 |
| Butryn, 201754,91 | 283 |
ACT: 53.2 (9.4); SBT: 53.0 (9.3); BT + E: 53.4 (10.3) |
ACT: 35.2 (4.6); SBT: 35.0 (5.2); BT + E: 35.4 (5.2) |
ACT: 84 (82); SBT: 67 (76); BT + E: 72 (77) |
ACT | Face to face | Group | 12 | SBT, BT + E | Weight | 6, 12 |
| Fletcher, 201130 | 72 |
ACT: 53.1 (11.1); SBT: 52.1 (12.6) |
ACT: 36.2 (0.6); SBT: 34.7 (0.6) |
60 (83) | ACT | Face to face | Group | 1 day | SBT | Weight; anxiety; depression; stress; psychological flexibility; DBP; SBP | 1 week (not weight/BMI), 3 |
| Forman, 201371 | 128 | 45.7 (12.8) | 34.1 (3.6) | NR | ACT | Face to face | Group | 10 | SBT | Weight | 2½, 5, 10,12 |
| Forman, 201672,92 | 190 | 51.6 (10.1) | 36.9 (5.8) | 156 (82) | ACT | Face to face | Group | 12 | SBT | Weight | 6, 12 |
| Lillis, 2016 62,73,93 | 162 | 50.2 (10.9) | 37.6 (5.3) | 138 (85) | ACT | Face to face | Group | 12 | SBT | Weight; disinhibition | 6, 12, 18, 24 |
| Sairanen, 201744, 60,63,94 | 219 | 49.5 (7.4) | 31.3 (2.9) | 185 (85) | ACT |
Face to face Mobile |
Group Individual |
2 | No/min | Weight; mindfulness; psychological flexibility; disinhibition; emotional eating; dietary restraint; intuitive eating | 2½, 9 |
| Loader, 201341 | 36 | 45.4 (9.5) | 46.7 (0.3) | 25 (69) | CFT | Face to face and telephone | Group and individual | 6 | SBT | BMI; disinhibition; emotional eating; dietary restraint | 6, 9 |
| Adler, 200866 | 17 | 49.4 (11.4) | 37.7 (10.1) | 15 (88) | DBT + O | Face to face and website | Group and individual | 3 | SBT + O | 3, 4.5 | |
| Preintervention to post‐intervention studies | |||||||||||
| Braun, 201228 | 37 | Range: 32‐65 | NR | NR | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 5 days | N/A | Weight; mindfulness; stress | 5 days, 3, 12d |
| Braun, 201665 |
S1: 22; S2: 21 |
S1: 48.2 (14.3); S2: 49.4 (10.7) |
S1: 30.8 (4.2); S2: 35.5 (6.8) |
S1: 22 (100); S2: 21 (100) |
MBCT | Face to face | Group | 2½ | N/A | Weight; emotional eating; mindful eating | 2.5, 5½ |
| Chung, 201638 | 26 | 50.1 (9.0)c | 35.1 (4.0)c | 22 (100)c | MBCT | Face to face and telephone | Group and individual | 6 | N/A | Weight; mindful eating | 3¼, 6 |
| Dalen, 201029 | 10 | 44 (8.7) | 36.9 (6.2) | 7 (70) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 1½ | N/A | Weight; anxiety; binge eating; depression; dietary restraint; disinhibition; stress | 1½, 3 |
| Hamel 201064 | 10 | 50.4 (13.2) | 29.1 (3.2) | 9 (90) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | NR | N/A | BMI; emotional eating; hunger; mindful eating; QoL | 3.25 |
| Hanson 201977 | 53 | 45.6 (11.3) | 48.5 (9.2) | 16 (30.2) | MBCT | Face to face | Group | 2 | SBT | Weight; emotional eating | ½, 1, 1½, 2, 8 |
| Lundgren, 200378 | 33 | 44.8 (9.0)c | 31.1 (3.6)c | 16 (84)c | MBCT | Face to face | Group (unclear) | 5 | N/A | Weight; QoL | 5 |
| Andalcio 201876 | 23 | NR | 39.9 | 21 (91.3) | ACT | Face to face and telephone | Individual | 4 | N/A | Weight; waist circumference | 2, 4 |
| Boucher, 201634 | 40 | 44.8 (3.1) | 32.9 (6.0) | 40 (100) | ACT | Website | Individual | 3½ | N/A | BMI; intuitive eating | 3½, 6.5 |
| Bradley, 201779,95 | 20 | 54.3 (12.1) | NR | 17 (85) | ACT | Website and telephone | Individual | 2½ | N/A | Weight | 1¼, 2½, 5½ |
| Forman, 200980 | 29 | 43.7 (9.8) | 35.8 (5.4) | 29 (100) | ACT | Face to face | Group | 3 | N/A | Weight; dietary restraint; disinhibition; emotional eating; mindfulness; QoL | 3, 6 |
| Niemeier, 201275 | 21 | 52.2 (7.6) | 32.8 (3.4) | 19 (91) | ACT | Face to face | Group | 6 | N/A | Weight; dietary restraint; disinhibition; hunger | 6, 9 |
| Gallé,201739 | 153 |
DBT:34 (3.8) IIT: 33 (4.2) SBT: 32 (5.1) |
45.8 (6.4) | 153 (100) | DBT | Face to face | Group and individual | 12 | IIT, SBT | Weight | 12 |
| Roosen, 201243 | 35 | 39.2 (11.0) | 35.4 (2.6) | 30 (86) | DBT | Face to face | Group and individual | 5 | N/A | BMI; depression; dietary restraint; disinhibition; emotional eating | 5, 11 |
Abbreviations: ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; BMI, body mass index; BT + E, behaviour therapy with environmental change; CFT, compassion‐focused therapy; DBT, dialectical behavioural therapy; DBT + O, DBT + Orlistat; IIT, interpersonal individual treatment; MBCT, mindfulness‐based cognitive behavioural therapy; No/min, no/minimal intervention; NR, not reported; QoL, quality of life; RE, resistance exercise; S1, Study 1; S2, Study 2; SBT, standard behavioural treatment; SBT + O, SBT + Orlistat.
Mean (SD) or range.
Time since randomization/baseline.
Among completers/participants included in analysis.
6 and 9 months recorded but not reported in the article.