TABLE 1.
Study | Period | Place | Type | Recruitment | Global effective | CR Effective | Hematologic malignancies | Associated conditions | Significant risk factors for CR | |
Asia | (Jaiswal et al., 2018) Mjhid | 10/2013–01/2016 | New Delhi, India | prospective monocentric | consecutive newly diagnosed with HM hospitalized patients (no previous chemotherapy) | 225 | 94/225 patients with CR-bacteria colonization (48/94 at admission) and 17/94 with CR-BSI | 19 ALL, 37 AML, 22 lymphoma, and others | NA | AML, duration of hospitalization for CR-colonization, all CR-BSI occurred in CR-carriers |
(Wang et al., 2017) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | 01/2014–06/2015 | Jiangsu Province, China | retrospective multicentric (18 tertiary hospitals) | A. baumannii bacteremia in HM patients | 3158 patients, 2133 GN isolates, 1358 BSI, 40 A. baumannii-BSI | 13/40 A. baumannii-BSI | 25 AL, 6 NHL, 4 MM, 2 AA, 2 MDS, 1 CLL | 27/40 neutropenic, 16/40 central venous catheter | longer hospital stays, previous use of carbapenem, at least three types of antimicrobial therapy received before bacteremia | |
Middle east | (Andria et al., 2015) J Antimicrob Chemother | 2008–2014 | Haifa, Israel | retrospective monocentric | GN BSI in HM patients | 330 patients; 423 GN BSI | 91/330 patients; 103/423 BSI | 264/423 AL and MDS, 159/423 others (CL or lymphoma or MM) | 364/423 nosocomial BSI, 388/423 central venous catheter, 53/103 carbapenem treatment 30 days before CR BSI | known CR carriage, salvage chemotherapy, urinary catheters, nasogastric tube, longer admission period, lower albumin level, hypotension |
(Kara et al., 2015) Infect Dis | 01/2005–12/2009 | Ankara, Turkey | retrospective monocentric | BSI in HM patients | 2098 HM patients, 281 with BSI representing 536 BSI episodes | 11,5% of GN isolates | 66 AML, 47 ALL, 6 MDS, 69 NHL, 37 MM, 14 HL, 13 CL, 7 AA, others | 3703 neutropenic episodes | NA | |
Northern europe | (Ballo et al., 2019) PlosOne | 2007–2015 | Frankfurt, Germany | retrospective monocentric | AML patients undergoing intensive induction chemotherapy | 220 AML patients, 90/220 colonized at admission | 12/90 patients colonized with CR-bacteria | AML | 100% induction chemotherapy (cytarabine, daunorubicin) and levofloxacin 500 mg daily as prophylaxis | NA |
(Schlenz et al., 2013) JAC | 1997–2010 | Norwich, United Kingdom | prospective monocentric | BSI in HM and solid cancer patients | HM patients: 473 BSI and 488 isolates; solid cancer patients: 441 BSI and 461 isolates | 2, 5% among GN BSI in HM patients and less than 1% in solid cancer patients | NA | NA | NA | |
Southern europe | (Trecarichi et al., 2015) CMI | 2009–2012 | Rome, Italy | prospective multicentric (9 hematology wards at tertiary care centers or at university hospitals) | consecutive HM patients bacterial BSI | 575 healthcare and community-acquired BSI; 668 bacterial isolates; 344 GN | 67 isolates | NA | 529/575 neutropenic (92%) | NA |
(Pagano et al., 2014) Emerg Infect Dis | 01, 2009–12, 2012 | Rome, Italy | retrospective monocentric | HM patients admitted to hospital with KPC-Kp BSI | 147 GN BSI | 26/147 GN BSI representing 26/38 Kp-BSI | 14 AML, 4 NHL, 3 ALL, 2 HL, 1 AA, 1 MDS, 1 myelo-proliferative disease | 13/26 initial or consolidation chemotherapy, 19/26 neutropenic | NA | |
(Girmenia et al., 2015) Bone Marrow Transplantation | 01, 2010–07, 2013 | Italy | retrospective multicentric (52 transplant centers) | HM patients undergoing HSCT | 6058 auto-HSCT and 4389 allo-HSCT patients | CR-Kp colonization in 31 auto-HSCT and 51 allo-HSCT patients. CR-Kp infection in 25 auto-HSCT and in 87 allo-HSCT patients | 40 AML, 18 ALL, 26 lymphoma, 8 MM, 20 others | 84 neutropenia, 27 GVHD, CR-Kp previous colonization in 8 auto-HCST patients with CR-Kp infection and in 20 allo-HSCT patients | ||
(Trecarichi et al., 2016) AJH | 01, 2010–06, 2014 | Italy | prospective multicentric cohort study (13 hematological wardsof tertiary care centers or university hospitals) | hospitalized HM patients with Kp BSI | 278 Kp-BSI | 161/278 | 119 AML, 1 CML, 12 ALL, 1 CLL, 18 NHL, 3 MM, 2 MDS | 129/161 chemotherapy, 71/161 corticosteroids | peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), AML, previous CR-Kp rectal swabs, antibiotic prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones | |
(Micozzi et al., 2017) BMC ID | 02, 2012–05, 2013 | Rome, Italy | retrospective monocentric | CR-Kp BSI in hospitalized HM patients | NA | 22 patients with CR-Kp colonization and 14 with CR-Kp BSI | 16 AL (12 AML) and others | 5/22 recent carbapenem, 10/22 neutropenia, 20/22 chemotherapy | AML independent risk factor for bacteremia onset in carriers | |
(Cattaneo et al., 2018) Annals of Hematology | 03, 2015–08, 2015 | Italy | prospective multicentric (18 hematological institutions) | consecutive HM patients admitted to hematological wards | 144 patients with MDR-bacteria rectal carriage incidence 6,5% | 85/144 patients with CR-colonization, 12/85 with CR BSI | 29/85 AML; 8/85 ALL; 32/85 lymphoma; 8/85 MM | 12/85 salvage chemotherapy | for CR-BSI: urinary catheters, relapsed/refractory HM | |
United States | (Satlin et al., 2013a) Leukemia and Lymphoma | 07, 2007–12, 2010 | New York, United States | retrospective monocentric | CR-BSI in HM patients | NA | 18 patients | 8 AL, 4 lymphoma or MM | 13/18 neutropenia, 13/18 chemotherapy 16/18 prior systemic antibacterial therapy, 6/18 HSCT, 16/18 prior hospitalization | NA |
AA, aplastic anemia; AL, acute leukemia; ALL, acute lymphoid leukemia; allo-, allogenic; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; auto-, autologous; BSI, blood steam infection; CL, chronic lymphoma, CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CML, Chronic myeloid leukemia; CR, carbapenem-resistant; GN, Gram-negative;, GVHD, graft vs. host disease; HL, Hodgkin’ s lymphoma; HM, hematologic malignancy; HSCT, hematologic stem cell transplantation; Kp, Klebsiella pneumoniae; MDR, multidrug resistant; MDS, myelodysplatic syndrome; MM, myelome multiple; NHL, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.