TABLE 3.

Characteristics of the studies reporting CR bacteria in HM neutropenic patients.

Study	Period	Place	Type	Recruitment	Global effective	CR Effective	HM	CR Species	CR- Suscept ibility (S)	Thera -peutic regimens	Mortality	CR- Mortality	Mortality risk factors
(Wang et al., 2015) Medicine	2008–2014	China	retrospective monocentric	BSI in febrile neutropenic HM patients undergoing HSCT	273 patients, 348 episodes of neutropenic fever, 85 neutropenic patients with BSI, 89 episodes of BSI, 108 isolates	12/108 (11%) isolates, 12/73 (16%) GN isolates	22 AML, 16 ALL, 13 lymphoma, 4 MM, 2 CML, 2 AA, 2 MDS, 4 others	4 Kp (16.7%), 3 S. maltophilia, 1 P. aeruginosa, 1 C. freundii, 1 P. stutzeri, 1 A. baumannii and 1 C. indologenes	NA	NA	11/85 (13%) patients with BSI cause of death	6/11 (55%) BSI-related deaths due to CR	BSI with CR-bacteria and prolonged neutropenia (≥15 days, RR 16.7)
(El-Mahallawy et al., 2014) J Egypt Natl Canc Inst	01, 2009–12, 2009	Cairo, Egypt	retrospective monocentric	febrile neutropenia among HSCT recipients	90 febrile neutropenia episodes in 50 patients, 39 BSI, 26 GN isolates	20% of GN bacteria	24 AML, 12 ALL, 7 NHL, and 7 other HM	NA	NA	NA	5/50 (10%) with 60% infection attributed	NA	NA
(Kjellander et al., 2012) Eur J Haematol	2002–2008	Stockholm Sweden	retrospective monocentric	BSI in HM patients during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia	677 BSI episodes in 463 patients	6 (1%) isolates	1/3 lymphoma, 1/3 AL, 1/3 MM or CLL	1 Enterobacter spp. and 5 P. aeruginosa	100% gentamicin S	NA	5.2% at 7 days 13.6% at 30 days	NA	NA
(Tofas et al., 2016) IJAA	2010- 2014	Athens, Greece	retrospective multicentric (4)	neutropenic HM patients with CR-Kp BSI	NA	50 patients	34 AML, 6 ALL, 1 CLL, 5 NHL, 1 MDS, 1 MM and 2 AA	CR-Kp bacteremia	90% gentamicin S, 86% tigecycline S, 74% colistin S	33/50 (66%) empirical treatment with ≥one active drug, 40/50 (80%) definitive treatment with ≥one active drug, 30/50 combination therapy	50% at 14 days	50% at 14 days	unresolved neutropenia, septic shock, inadequate treatment, treatment with one active drug vs. combination
(Satlin et al., 2016) J infect	2008–2012	New York, United States	retrospective multicentric case control	neutropenic HM patients	1992 BSI	43 CR BSI (2%)	24 AML, 8 ALL, 8 lymphoma, 3 others 15 allo-HSCT, 3 auto-HSCT	30 Kp, 8 E. cloacae, 2 E coli, 1 E. aerogenes, 1 E. gergoviae, 1 K. oxytoca and 1 S. marcescens, 11 polymicrobial	tigecycline 86% S, polymyxin B 82% S, amikacin and gentamicin 48% S	6/43 (14%) active empirical treatment within 12h (vs. 56 to 88% in controls), median 52h [IQR 33-69] from BSI onset until active therapy	NA	22/43 (51%) at 30 days vs. 15% in controls (p < 0.001)	CR-inactive empirical therapy

AA, aplastic anemia; AL, acute leukemia; ALL, acute lymphoid leukemia; allo-, allogenic; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; auto-, autologous; BSI, blood steam infection; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CML, Chronic myeloid leukemia; CR, carbapenem-resistant; GN, Gram-negative;, HM, hematologic malignancy; HSCT, hematologic stem cell transplantation; Kp, Klebsiella pneumoniae; MDS, myelodysplatic syndrome; MM, myelome multiple; NHL, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, S, sensitive.