TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Country | Follow‐up (years) | No. of patients | Age | Men, n (%) | BMI, kg/m2 | Systolic pressure | Diastolic pressure | Plasma glucose | Total cholesterol | Triglycerides | HDL‐C | LDL‐C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dixon 2008 | Australia | 2 | 30 | 46.6 (7.4) | 15 (50) | 37.0 (2.7) | 136.4 (15.6) | 86.6 (9.4) | 156.7 (38.5) | 201.8 (32.7) | 190.6 (106.6) | 47.1 (10.1) | |
| 30 | 47.1 (8.7) | 13 (43) | 37.2 (2.5) | 135.3 (14.4) | 84.5 (9.8) | 158.0 (48.7) | 198.2 (56.7) | 188.7 (111.8) | 48.1 (11.1) | ||||
| Liang 2013 | China | 1 | 31 | 50.81 (5.44) | 22 (71.0) | 30.48 (0.94) | 160.81 (7.77) | 88.58 (5.53) | 169.2 (20.88) | 93.78 (9.9) | 61.02 (21.24) | 16.02 (3.06) | 69.12 (11.34) |
| 36 | 51.75 (6.70) | 24 (66.7) | 30.34 (1.96) | 156.56 (11.81) | 87.83 (6.81) | 169.0 (25.92) | 90.54 (18.36) | 62.82 (23.76) | 15.84 (2.70) | 66.96 (7.56) | |||
| Keidar 2013 | Israel | 1 | 18 | 47.7 (11.7) | 9 (50) | 42.5 (5.2) | 119.7 (65.7) | 43.6 (9.7) | 88.1 (27.7) | ||||
| 19 | 51.45 (8.3) | 12 (63.2) | 42 (4.8) | 156.3 (75.7) | 39.1 (9.9) | 98.9 (29.3) | |||||||
| Halperin 2014 | USA | 1 | 19 | 50.7 (7.6) | 6 (32) | 36.0 (3.5) | 132.8 (10.5) | 81.7 (7.4) | 132.3 (49.7) | 154.2 (34.0) | |||
| 19 | 52.6 (4.3) | 9 (47) | 36.5 (3.4) | 126.3 (14.7) | 76.6 (8.8) | 162.2 (53.8) | 162.5 (38.6) | ||||||
| Lee 2014 | Taiwan | 5 | 30 | 46.4 (8.1) | 8 (26.7) | 31 (2.8) | 128.7 (5.0) | 80.1 (7.8) | 230.6 (85.3) | 230.6 (85.3) | 262.2 (152.8) | 42.8 (6.3) | 142.9 (44.6) |
| 30 | 44.6 (8.6) | 8 (26.7) | 30.2 (2.2) | 130.3 (9.3) | 76.4 (8.6) | 200.9 (76.6) | 200.9 (76.6) | 195.2 (128.3) | 47.9 (9.6) | 137.3 (37.8) | |||
| Parikh 2014 | USA | 0.5 | 29 | 46.8 (8.1) | 6 (21) | 32.8 (1.7) | 126.4 (16.6) | 77.0 (13.3) | 193.4 (61.7) | 196.9 (188.2) | 47.2 (15.5) | 101.8 (88.2) | |
| 28 | 53.9 (8.4) | 6 (21) | 32.4 (1.8) | 129.1 (19.0) | 75.3 (8.1) | 193.9 (66.6) | 156.5 (69.1) | 46.4 (13.2) | 116.1 (55.9) | ||||
| Ding 2015 | USA | 1 | 18 | 50.6 (12.6) | 9 (50) | 36.4 (3.0) | 129 (7) | 79 (5) | 167 (64) | 155 (34) | 176 (119) | 37 (9) | 92 (27) |
| 22 | 51.4 (7.5) | 13 (59.1) | 36.7 (4.2) | 126 (13) | 81 (8) | 155 (48) | 161 (29) | 145 (104) | 42 (12) | 91 (27) | |||
| Courcoulas 2015 | USA | 3 | 20 | 45.4 (7.5) | 4 (20.0) | 35.7 (2.7) | 139.7 (12.3) | 81.3 (9.6) | 191.5 (82.0) | 200.2 (40.3) | 41.8 (8.7) | 117.8 (47.5) | |
| 20 | 48.9 (4.7) | 3 (15.0) | 35.7 (3.3) | 132.0 (17.9) | 76.3 (9.6) | 142.1 (28.0) | 182.0 (39.0) | 44.1 (17.1) | 105.5 (33.3) | ||||
| 21 | 47.7 (7.0) | 4 (19.0) | 35.6 (3.4) | 134.5 (17.0) | 77.1 (8.6) | 180.0 (85.4) | 189.5 (55.8) | 40.0 (9.3) | 90.6 (49.4) | ||||
| Yang 2015 | China | 3 | 32 | 40.4 (9.4) | 9 (28.1) | 31.8 (3.0) | 183.6 (48.6) | 90.0 (19.8) | 57.6 (30.6) | 19.8 (3.6) | 68.4 (19.8) | ||
| 32 | 41.4 (9.3) | 13 (40.1) | 32.3 (2.4) | 187.2 (39.6) | 82.8 (16.2) | 54.0 (36.0) | 18.0 (1.8) | 70.2 (16.2) | |||||
| Mingrone 2015 | UK | 5 | 19 | 30–60 | ‐ | 44.0 (4.6) | 147.5 (21.0) | 92.5 (14.6) | 176.4 (59.4) | 84.6 (19.8) | 30.6 (16.2) | 19.44 (3.6) | 50.4 (18.0) |
| 15 | 30–60 | ‐ | 45.4 (6.5) | 157.5 (37.7) | 97.3 (19.2) | 178.2 (63.0) | 113.4 (25.2) | 46.8 (12.6) | 17.64 (3.42) | 73.8 (23.4) | |||
| 19 | 30–60 | ‐ | 44.7 (7.7) | 155.3 (30.3) | 96.0 (13.2) | 172.8 (63.0) | 100.8 (27.0) | 41.4 (16.2) | 17.82 (3.78) | 64.8 (23.4) | |||
| Cummings 2016 | USA | 1 | 15 | 52.0 (8.3) | 3 (20) | 38.3 (3.7) | 129.3 (20.6) | 77.0 (10.2) | 145.8 (46.8) | 77.4 (18.0) | 30.6 (12.6) | 19.8 (5.4) | 43.2 (12.6) |
| 17 | 54.6 (6.3) | 10 (58.8) | 37.1 (3.5) | 120.1 (9.6) | 74.8 (7.5) | 153 (46.8) | 79.2 (14.4) | 41.4 (27.0) | 19.8 (3.6) | 39.6 (10.8) | |||
| Tang 2016 | China | 2 | 34 | 36.6 (8.0) | 12 (35.3) | 38.4 (8.6) | 149.4 (39.6) | 90.0 (14.4) | 41.4 (36.0) | 18.0 (3.6) | 59.4 (14.4) | ||
| 38 | 40.4 (12.3) | 20 (52.6) | 37.8 (5.6) | 162 (61.2) | 93.6 (36.0) | 45.0 (37.8) | 18.0 (3.6) | 50.4 (16.2) | |||||
| Ikramuddin 2016 | USA | 3 | 60 | 49 (9) | 22 (36.7) | 34.9 (3.0) | 127 (15) | 78 (12) | 214 (57) | 182 (39) | 187 (79) | 41 (1) | 103 (36) |
| 59 | 49 (8) | 25 (42.4) | 34.3 (3.1) | 132 (14) | 79 (10) | 206 (52) | 189 (46) | 197 (82) | 42 (9) | 105 (43) | |||
| Schauer 2017 | USA | 5 | 50 | 48.3 (8.4) | 21 (42) | 37.0 (3.3) | 134.7 (18.9) | 81.8 (10.2) | 45.8 (13.2) | 100.9 (36.8) | |||
| 50 | 49.7 (7.4) | 19 (38) | 36.8 (3.0) | 135.6 (17.7) | 82.0 (11.4) | 48.7 (12.8) | 91.4 (28.9) | ||||||
| 50 | 47.9 (8.0) | 11 (22) | 36.2 (3.9) | 136.7 (17.9) | 82.2 (11.7) | 44.3 (12.1) | 105.7 (40.2) | ||||||
| Wentworth 2017 | Australia | 5 | 22 | 53 (6) | 6 (24) | 29 (1) | 130 (18) | 83 (10) | |||||
| 23 | 53 (7) | 9 (35) | 29 (1) | 131 (11) | 84 (9) | ||||||||
| Casajoana 2017 | Spain | 1 | 14 | 49.20 (9.16) | 5 (35.7) | 39.0 (1.68) | 171.9 (64.26) | ||||||
| 15 | 51.10 (7.70) | 7 (46.7) | 38.7 (2.01) | 150.84 (54.00) | |||||||||
| 15 | 49.70 (8.12) | 3 (47.7) | 40.7 (1.34) | 177.12 (94.5) | |||||||||
| Murphy 2018 | New Zealand | 1 | 56 | 46.6 (6.7) | 23 (41.1) | 42.5 (6.2) | |||||||
| 53 | 45.5 (6.4) | 32 (60.4) |
Abbreviations: HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.