TABLE 2.

Insulin sensitivity and substrate kinetics before and after PHA during the clamp

	Pre‐PHA	Post‐PHA	Δ post‐pre PHA	P value
Rd [μmol/kg body weight/min]
Basal	9.7 ± 1.4	8.2 ± 1.7	−1.5 ± 1.8	.031*
Insulin‐stimulated	18.8 ± 4.4	17.9 ± 4.7	−0.9 ± 3.2	.399
Δ Insulin‐basal	9.1 ± 5.2	9.7 ± 4.8	0.6 ± 3.5	.874
EGP [μmol/kg body weight/min]
Basal	9.7 ± 1.4	8.4 ± 2.1	−1.3 ± 1.7	.038*
Insulin‐stimulated	2.1 ± 0.9	1.5 ± 0.8	0.6 ± 0.5	.005†
Δ Insulin‐basal	−7.6 ± 1.4	−6.9 ± 1.8	0.7 ± 1.6	.191
NOGD [μmol/kg body weight/min]
Basal	3.1 ± 3.3	4.6 ± 3.3	1.7 ± 3.2	.117
Insulin‐stimulated	8.8 ± 5.1	10.4 ± 4.8	1.6 ± 3.0	.126
Δ Insulin‐basal	5.6 ± 5.1	5.5 ± 3.4	−0.1 ± 3.8	.916
Carbohydrate oxidation [μmol/kg body weight/min]
Basal	6.6 ± 3.4	3.4 ± 3.2	−3.2 ± 2.6	.003†
Insulin‐stimulated	10.0 ± 3.3	7.5 ± 3.0	−2.5 ± 2.9	.021*
Δ Insulin‐basal	3.5 ± 1.7	4.2 ± 2.3	0.7 ± 2.4	.376
FFA oxidation [μmol/kg body weight/min]
Basal	1.1 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.2	.018*
Insulin‐stimulated	0.8 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.2	.051$
Δ Insulin‐basal	−0.3 ± 0.1	−0.4 ± 0.2	−0.1 ± 0.2	.486
Respiratory exchange ratio [‐]
Basal	0.80 ± 0.05	0.76 ± 0.05	−0.05 ± 0.04	.004†
Insulin‐stimulated	0.85 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.05	−0.03 ± 0.04	.035*
Δ Insulin‐basal	0.05 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.04	0.01 ± 0.04	.378
Energy expenditure [kJ/min]
Basal	5.31 ± 0.87	5.14 ± 1.00	−0.17 ± 0.24	.059$
Insulin‐stimulated	5.28 ± 0.89	5.13 ± 0.90	−0.15 ± 0.14	.010*
Δ Insulin‐basal	−0.03 ± 0.19	−0.01 ± 0.20	0.02 ± 0.25	.828

Data are presented as mean ± SD. N = 10. Δ post‐pre PHA denotes the changes between before and after PHA, and Δ insulin–baseline denotes the changes between the basal and insulin‐stimulated state during the hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp. ^$ indicates 0.05 < P < .1 for changes post‐PHA, * indicates P < .05 for changes post‐PHA, † indicates P < .01 for changes post‐PHA.