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Ovarian failure alters myocardial cytokines and Akt activation. A, Myocardial protein levels of TNF‐α and TGF‐β1 were assessed with immunoblotting. Ovarian failure did not alter TNF‐α but TGF‐β1 was increased by 94.3 ± 32.0% during peri‐menopause. B, Akt phosphorylation decreased by 46.3 ± 6.5% at 60 D VCD but returned to the same levels as intact myocardium by 120 D VCD. Total Akt protein levels did not change with VCD injection. N = 4 per group. *P < 0.05 vs intact control
