. 2018 Nov 5;60(1):67–76. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12485

Table 1.

Summary of multinomial logistic regression models. Comparison between Japanese and Finnish adolescents, with body image and eating behavior items as response variables

Response variable in multinomial logistic regression model	Gender
	Females							Males
	Country							Country
	FIN (Ref.)		JPN					FIN (Ref.)		JPN
	N	%	N	%	OR	95% CI	p‐value	N	%	N	%	OR	95% CI	p‐value
Item 1: I would like to be thinner^a
1: Not true	165	28.3	125	13.3	Ref.			343	62.5	601	68.6	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	236	40.5	314	33.5	1.8	1.3 –2.4	< 0.001	159	29.0	211	24.1	0.8	0.6 – 1.0	0.047
3: Certainly true	182	31.2	499	53.2	3.6	2.7 – 4.8	< 0.001	47	8.6	64	7.3	0.8	0.5 – 1.2	0.217
Item 2: I exercise a lot to avoid gaining weight^a
1: Not true	188	32.30	423	45.0	Ref.			233	42.8	559	63.8	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	319	54.81	400	42.6	0.6	0.4 – 0.7	< 0.001	238	43.7	245	28.0	0.4	0.3 – 0.5	< 0.001
3: Certainly true	75	12.89	117	12.5	0.7	0.5 – 1.0	0.033	74	13.6	72	8.2	0.4	0.3 – 0.6	< 0.001
Item 3: I have been on a diet^a
1: Not true	374	64.3	449	47.8	Ref.			497	90.7	783	89.5	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	130	22.3	293	31.2	1.9	1.5 – 2.4	< 0.001	45	8.2	68	7.8	1.0	0.6 – 1.4	0.835
3: Certainly true	78	13.4	197	21.0	2.1	1.6 – 2.8	< 0.001	6	1.1	24	2.7	2.5	1.0 – 6.3	0.043
Item 4: I am afraid of getting fat^a
1: Not true	188	32.3	307	32.7	Ref.			418	32.7	619	70.6	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	197	33.8	336	35.8	1.0	0.8 – 1.4	0.736	110	35.8	175	20.0	1.1	0.8 – 1.4	0.601
3: Certainly true	198	34.0	295	31.5	0.9	0.7 – 1.2	0.482	21	31.5	83	9.5	2.7	1.6 – 4.4	< 0.001
Item 5: I have lost weight
1: Not true	452	77.5	816	87.0	Ref.			503	91.8	825	94.1	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	86	14.8	62	6.6	0.4	0.3 – 0.6	< 0.001	35	6.4	40	4.6	0.7	0.4 – 1.1	0.129
3: Certainly true	45	7.7	60	6.4	0.7	0.5 – 1.1	0.141	10	1.8	12	1.4	0.7	0.3 – 1.7	0.469
Item 6: I am not happy with my body
1: Not true	133	22.8	139	14.8	Ref.			325	59.2	459	52.3	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	279	47.8	360	38.3	1.2	0.9 – 1.6	0.147	173	31.5	264	30.1	1.1	0.9 – 1.4	0.525
3: Certainly true	172	29.5	440	46.9	2.5	1.8 – 3.3	< 0.001	51	9.3	154	17.6	2.1	1.5 – 3.0	< 0.001
Item 7: It terrifies me if I gain even a little weight^a
1: Not true	320	54.9	579	61.7	Ref.			505	92.0	769	87.8	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	168	28.8	251	26.8	0.8	0.7 – 1.0	0.115	33	6.0	69	7.9	1.4	0.9 – 2.1	0.148
3: Certainly true	95	16.3	108	11.5	0.6	0.5 – 0.9	0.003	11	2.0	38	4.3	2.3	1.1 – 4.5	0.018
Item 8: I am not always able to control my eating
1: Not true	311	53.4	467	49.8	Ref.			403	73.4	596	68.0	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	205	35.2	294	31.3	1.0	0.8 – 1.2	0.694	123	22.4	208	23.7	1.1	0.9 – 1.5	0.305
3: Certainly true	66	11.3	177	18.9	1.8	1.3 – 2.5	< 0.001	23	4.2	72	8.2	2.1	1.3 – 3.4	0.003
Item 9: I devour large amounts of food at one time^a
1: Not true	414	70.9	454	48.3	Ref.			353	64.4	554	63.2	Ref.
2: Somewhat true	137	23.5	284	30.2	1.9	1.5 – 2.4	< 0.001	165	30.1	214	24.4	0.8	0.6 – 1.1	0.124
3: Certainly true	33	5.7	202	21.5	5.6	3.8 – 8.3	< 0.001	30	5.5	108	12.3	2.3	1.5 – 3.5	< 0.001
Item 10: I have wilfully vomited after having eaten^b
1: Not true	531	90.8	–	–	–	–	–	544	99.3	–	–	–	–	–
2: Somewhat true	29	5.0	–	–	–	–	–	3	0.6	–	–	–	–	–
3: Certainly true	25	4.3	–	–	–	–	–	1	0.2	–	–	–	–	–
Item 11: I have used pharmaceuticals to control my weight (appetite restricting drugs, laxatives or diuretics) ^b
1: Not true	572	98.1	–	–	–	–	–	543	99.3	–	–	–	–	–
2: Somewhat true	9	1.5	–	–	–	–	–	4	0.7	–	–	–	–	–
3: Certainly true	2	0.3	–	–	–	–	–	0	0.0	–	–	–	–	–

Ref. = reference category. ^aCountry X Gender interaction was significant (p < 0.1) in a two–way model. ^bOnly collected in the Finnish study.

P values indicating statistically significance (p < 0.05) are shown in a bold type face.