Table 1.

Anti‐inflammatory treatment of IBD

Target	Drug	Efficacy in IBD	Current status
Blockade of pro‐inflammatory cytokines
TNFα	Infliximab and others	Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis	In clinical use
IL‐6	Tocilizumab	Crohn's disease	In testing phase
IL‐12/IL‐23	Ustekinumab and others	Crohn's disease	In clinical use
IL‐23	Risankizumab	Crohn's disease	In testing phase
Inhibition of cytokine signalling
JAK1‐JAK3	Tofacitinib	Ulcerative colitis	In testing phase
JAK1	Filgotinib	Crohn's disease	In testing phase
PDE4	Apremilast	Crohn's disease?, ulcerative colitis?	In testing phase
Inhibition of transcription factors
RORγt	NA	Crohn's disease?, ulcerative colitis?	Awaiting testing
GATA3	NA	Ulcerative colitis?	Awaiting testing
Activation of anti‐inflammatory pathways
SMAD7	Mongersen	Crohn's disease?	In testing phase
T regulatory cells	Cell therapy	Crohn's disease	In testing phase
Inhibition of T lymphocyte trafficking
α4β7 integrin	Vedolizumab	Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis	In clinical use
β7 integrin	Etrolizumab	Ulcerative colitis	In testing phase
MAdCAM1	PF‐00547659	Ulcerative colitis	In testing phase
S1P receptors	Ozanimod and others	Ulcerative colitis	In testing phase