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. 2020 Jul 17;10:1138. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01138

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Copyright © 2020 Eloranta, Cairo, Liljeström, Soini, Kyrönlahti, Judde, Wilson, Heikinheimo and Pihlajoki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Morphology, viability, and caspase 3/7 activation of HB spheroids treated with CQ. Morphology of HUH6 (A), HB-284 (B), and HB-243 (C) derived spheroids treated with control medium (0 μM) or CQ at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μM (left panel). Relative ATP concentration (middle panel) and relative caspase 3/7 activation (right panel) in HUH6 (A), HB-284 (B), HB-243 (C) derived spheroids after 48 and 96 h CQ treatment. CQ concentrations; 1, 5, and 10 μM. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. Statistical significance was assessed with one-way ANOVA. Bar plots are presented as relative values of mean ± RSD (N = 3). Characteristics of proliferating, quiescent, and necrotic spheroid morphology (D). Pictures were captured at initiation of treatment (0 h) and after 48 h and 96 h of CQ administration. Magnification 10×, scale bar = 10 μm.