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. 2020 Jul 17;10:1138. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01138

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Copyright © 2020 Eloranta, Cairo, Liljeström, Soini, Kyrönlahti, Judde, Wilson, Heikinheimo and Pihlajoki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Metabolomic alterations in HUH6 cells treated with 5 μM CQ. Enrichment analysis showing the most abundantly altered metabolite sets (A). Pathway impact analysis demonstrating the importance of altered metabolites for pathway functionality (B). NAD⁺ concentrations (C) and NAD⁺/NADH (D) ratio in CQ treated HUH6 cells compared to untreated control cells. Aspartate concentrations (E) in CQ treated cells compared to untreated control cells. Impact of aspartate supplementation on CQ treated or untreated HUH6 cell viability (F). Single metabolites values are given as normalized concentration (μmol/million cells). NAD⁺/NADH ratio is presented as percentages of normalized total NAD concentrations. Bar plots are presented as relative values of mean ± RSD, (N = 3). ASP; 10 mM aspartate. Metabolite analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst 4.0. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.