Table 3.
Study 1: Case–control study: mental disorders, psychotropic medication, and psychosocial problems in patients with SH as well as in patients with SH+SU and controls, respectively
| SH versus controls | SH+SU versus controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| SH (n = 1,027) | Controls (n = 21,119) | Crude | Adjusteda | SH + SU (n = 1,099) | Controls (n = 21,119) | Crude | Adjusteda | |
| Mental disorders | ||||||||
| Depressive disorders | 260 (25.3) | 1,555 (7.4) | 4.3*** (3.7–5.0) | 2.3*** (1.7–3.1) | 551 (50.1) | 1,555 (7.4) | 12.6*** (11.1–14.4) | 5.4*** (4.3–6.8) |
| Anxiety disorders | 422 (41.1) | 4,540 (21.5) | 2.5*** (2.2–2.9) | 1.8*** (1.4–2.4) | 762 (69.3) | 4,540 (21.5) | 8.3*** (7.2–9.4) | 8.7*** (6.8–11.1) |
| Eating disorders | 54 (5.3) | 330 (1.6) | 3.5*** (2.6–4.7) | 1.8* (1.1–3.2) | 119 (10.8) | 330 (1.6) | 7.7*** (6.1–9.5) | 3.9*** (2.6–5.7) |
| ADHD | 100 (9.7) | 3,164 (15.0) | 0.6** (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 155 (14.1) | 3,164 (15.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 2.0*** (1.4–2.7) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 59 (5.7) | 1,648 (7.8) | 0.7* (0.5–0.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.7) | 99 (9.0) | 1,648 (7.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 2.7*** (1.8–4.6) |
| >1 comorbid mental disorder | 218 (21.2) | 2,099 (9.9) | 2.4*** (2.1–2.9) | 2.4*** (1.8–3.4) | 526 (47.9) | 2,099 (9.9) | 8.3*** (7.3–9.4) | 7.8*** (6.2–9.9) |
| Psychotropic medicationsb | 244 (24.9) | 2,818 (14.0) | 2.0*** (1.8–2.4) | 1.8*** (1.4–2.4) | 524 (51.3) | 2,818 (14.0) | 5.7*** (5.0–6.5) | 5.3*** (4.8–6.8) |
| Psychosocial problems | ||||||||
| Relational family problems | 423 (41.2) | 6,336 (30.0) | 1.6*** (1.4–1.9) | 1.4*** (1.2–1.6) | 555 (50.5) | 6,336 (30.0) | 2.2*** (1.9–2.5) | 1.8*** (1.6–2.1) |
| Psychological family problems | 191 (18.6) | 2,885 (13.7) | 1.4*** (1.2–1.7) | 1.3** (1.1–1.5) | 227 (20.7) | 2,885 (13.7) | 1.5*** (1.3–1.8) | 1.3 ** (1.1–1.6) |
| Familial violence | 93 (9.1) | 1,476 (7.0) | 1.3* (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 128 (11.7) | 1,476 (7.0) | 2.0*** (1.6–2.4) | 1.9*** (1.5–2.3) |
| Problems with friends | 205 (20.0) | 2,722 (12.9) | 1.7*** (1.4–2.0) | 1.4** (1.2–1.7) | 289 (26.3) | 2,722 (12.9) | 2.2*** (2.0–2.6) | 1.9*** (1.2–2.2) |
Associations are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
SH, Self‐harm; SU, Suicidality.
aAdjusted for socioeconomic status, age at first CAMHS contact, and sex.
bAntidepressants, sedatives, hypnotics.
*p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .001.