Table 4.
Study 2: Longitudinal study: alcohol and drug misuse, self‐harming acts, inpatient care, medication, recipient of social welfare, nonviolent, and violent crime in patients with SH and SH+SU compared with clinical controls
| SH versus Controls | SH+SU versus Controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | HR (95% CI) | n (%) | HR (95% CI) | |||||
| SH (n = 261) | Controls (n = 4,746) | Crude | Adjusteda | SH+SU (n = 363) | Controls (n = 4,746) | Crude | Adjusteda | |
| Alcohol misuse | 26 (10.0) | 201 (4.2) | 2.3*** (1.6–3.5) | 2.2*** (1.4–3.3) | 38 (10.5) | 201 (4.2) | 3.6*** (2.6–5.1) | 3.3*** (2.3–4.9) |
| Drug misuse | 10 (3.4) | 172 (3.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 43 (11.9) | 172 (3.6) | 4.7*** (3.4–6.6) | 4.0*** (2.7–5.8) |
| Recurrent care due to self‐harming acts | 22 (8.4) | 86 (1.8) | 4.6*** (2.9–7.4) | 3.9*** (2.3–6.7) | 107 (29.5) | 86 (1.8) | 23.2*** (17.4–30.9) | 23.1*** (17.0–31.4) |
| Completed suicide | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | – | – | 1 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | – | – |
| Inpatient care | 22 (8.4) | 215 (4.5) | 1.9** (1.2–2.9) | 1.7* (1.0–2.7) | 126 (34.7) | 215 (4.5) | 10.9*** (8.8–13.6) | 11.3 (8.9–14.4) |
| Psychotropicsb | 115 (44.1) | 1,487 (31.3) | 1.4*** (1.2–1.7) | 1.4*** (1.2–1.7) | 264 (72.7) | 1,487 (31.3) | 3.3*** (2.9–3.7) | 3.2*** (2.8–3.7) |
| Social welfare recipiency | 12 (4.7) | 142 (3.2) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 21 (6.2) | 142 (3.2) | 2.2*** (1.4–3.5) | 2.6*** (1.6–4.3) |
| Non‐violent crime | 26 (10.0) | 533 (11.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 67 (18.5) | 533 (11.2) | 2.4*** (1.9–3.1) | 2.1*** (1.6–2.8) |
| Violent crime | 9 (3.5) | 244 (5.1) | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 30 (8.3) | 244 (5.1) | 2.4*** (1.9–3.1) | 2.0** (1.3–3.1) |
Risks are expressed as Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
SH, Self‐harm; SU, Suicidality.
aAdjusted for socioeconomic status.
bSedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.