Figure 2.

Signalling the UPR and downstream pathways. The 3ER stress sensors (PERK, IRE1, ATF6) upon release from BiP, PDIA5, 6 initiate signalling cascades through transcription factor production (ATF4, XBP1s, ATF6f) and associated processes such as RIDD, NFκB activation and ERAD to address the misfolded protein load on the ER. By modulating transcriptional output and translational demand the UPR attempts to re‐establish ER protein folding homeostasis and promote cell survival. If ER stress cannot be resolved then mechanisms are triggered to promote cell death.