Table 1.
Characteristic of studies included in the meta-analysis
| First author, publication year | Country | Sample size | Male/female | Mean age (year) | Average follow-up duration (year) | Effect measure | Diabetes assessment | Adjusted factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coughlin, 2004 [26] | USA | 1,056,243 | 467,922/588321 | 56.7 | 12.5 | RR | Self-report | Age, smoking, race, BMI, exercise, education |
| Yagyu, 2004 [27] | Japan | 113,394 | 47,673/65721 | 40–89 | 9.7 | HR | Self-report | Age, gender, history of hepatic disease |
| Swerdlow, 2005 [28] | UK | 28,900 | 15,688/13212 | NA | 18.0 | SMR | Medical record | Age, region, duration |
| Tseng, 2009 [34] | Taiwan | 244,920 | 113,347/131573 | NA | 12 | SMR | Medical record | Age, gender |
| Lam, 2011 [29] | Asia, Australia | 367,361 | 216,743/150618 | 48 | 4 | HR | Self-report or WHO diagnostic criteria | Age |
| Seshasai, 2011 [30] | Members of ERFC | 820,900 | 426,868/394032 | 55 | NA | HR | Medical record | Age, gender, smoking, BMI |
| Campbell, 2012 [35] | USA | 1,053,831 | 467,143/586688 | 63.1 | 12.1 | RR | Self-report | Age, BMI, education, exercise, NSAIDs, alchhol |
| Currie, 2012 [31] | UK | 112,408 | 54,086/58322 | 67.8 | 2 | HR | Read code classification | Age, gender, smoking, Charlson comorbidity index, year of diagnosis |
| Harding, 2015 [32] | Australia | 953,382 | 506,312/447070 |
T1DM: 27.4 T2DM: 60.4 |
10 | SMR | Medical record | Age |
| Chen, 2017 [33] | Asia | 771,297 | 391,619/379678 | 53.9 | 12.7 | HR | Self-report | Age, gender, BMI, smoking, alcohol, education, region |
ERFC Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, T1DM Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, RR Relative Risk, HR Hazard Ratio, SMR Standard Mortality Ratio, WHO World Health Organization, BMI Body Mass Index, NSAIDs Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs