Table 3.

Measurement Invariance across the Three Countries for Personality Dimensions, Employability and Proactive Attitude Scales.

Dimensions/scales	χ2	dƒ	χ2/dƒ	p	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	Δχ2	Δdƒ	p	ΔCFI	ΔTLI	ΔRMSEA
ZKA-PQ/SF (MI ≥ 40)
Configural Invariance	1239.50	459	2.70	<.001	.862	.829	.042
Metric Invariance	1349.14	499	2.70	<.001	.850	.828	.042	109.64	40	<.001	.012	.001	<.001
Invariance	1491.29	529	2.82	<.001	.830	.817	.043	142.15	30	<.001	.020	.011	.001
SD3 (MI ≥ 30)
Configural Invariance	166.46	69	2.41	<.001	.939	.904	.038
Metric Invariance	189.93	81	2.35	<.001	.931	.908	.037	23.46	12	.024	.008	.004	.001
Scalar Invariance	210.85	93	2.27	<.001	.926	.914	.036	20.92	12	.052	.005	.006	.001
PAS (MI ≥ 20)
Configural Invariance	114.33	54	2.12	<.001	.958	.934	.034
Metric Invariance	144.60	68	2.13	<.001	.946	.933	.034	30.27	14	<.001	.012	.001	<.001
Scalar Invariance	164.88	70	2.35	<.001	.933	.920	.037	20.28	2	<.001	.013	.013	.003
PES (MI ≥ 20)
Configural Invariance	217.02	84	2.58	<.001	.947	.915	.041
Metric Invariance	235.33	102	2.31	<.001	.947	.930	.037	18.30	18	.435	<.001	.015	.004
Scalar Invariance	242.42	104	2.33	<.001	.945	.928	.037	7.10	2	.029	.002	.002	<.001

Note: MI = Modification indices.