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. 2020 Jul 17;11:1684. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01684

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Copyright © 2020 Lee, Kang, Woo, Hahn, Ko and Jung.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ROS are responsible for the early induction of autophagy in IMQ-treated cells. Intracellular ROS levels were determined by the intensity of DCF fluorescence using (A) confocal microscopy or (B) flow cytometry. (A,B) The bar graph represents the percentage of DCF fluorescence intensity. (C,D) Raw264.7 cells were pretreated with DPI and then treated with IMQ. LC3-positive cells were observed under confocal microscopy. The bar graph represents the percentage of cells with LC3⁺ puncta. (D) Western blots were performed with antibodies against each protein. Data are the means ± s.d. of three technical replicates and are representative of at least three independent experiments. Images are representative of at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance is indicated as *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001.