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In vitro toxicity model of CuO NPs, the sequence of events in Poly toxicity. (1) CuO NPs are taken up via endocytosis, (2) Endocytotic vesicles are converted to lysosomes via autophagy, (3) ROS generation, other molecules can be oxidized mitigated by the antioxidant GSH and its precursor NAC, (4) ROS attacks DNA in the nucleus, (5) DNA damage activates signaling systems that induce cell cycle arrest, (6) Cell death by apoptosis. Reproduced from Thit et al. (2015) with permission.
