Table 1.
Characteristics of Adults With Past-Year CKD Diagnosis by Psychological Distress Level
| No Distress (K6<8) | Mild to Moderate Distress (K6=8-12) | Serious Distress (K6≥13) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 2,877 (74.3%) | 592 (15.2%) | 454 (10.6%) | |
| Age, y | 63.9 ± 16.6 | 59.7 ± 15.8 | 56.2 ± 15.1 | <0.001 |
| Age group, y | <0.001 | |||
| 18-39 | 265 (10.7%) | 77 (12.6%) | 65 (14.1) | |
| 40-54 | 387 (15.4%) | 101 (20.7%) | 118 (26.6) | |
| 55-64 | 504 (17.8%) | 158 (28.1%) | 141 (32.2) | |
| 65-74 | 757 (25.4%) | 141 (19.9%) | 79 (15.3) | |
| ≥75 | 964 (30.7%) | 115 (18.7%) | 51 (11.9) | |
| Female sex | 1,577 (51.8%) | 358 (55.5%) | 280 (58.0%) | 0.1 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.003 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1,824 (65.9%) | 348 (63.8%) | 277 (63.5%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 500 (14.7%) | 104 (14.7%) | 61 (10.0%) | |
| Hispanic | 370 (13.8%) | 92 (15.8%) | 77 (16.7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 87 (3.2%) | 19 (2.5%) | 9 (1.8%) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 39 (0.9%) | 10 (0.8%) | 6 (2.4%) | |
| Multiracial/other | 57 (1.6%) | 19 (2.4%) | 24 (5.6%) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married/partnered | 1,172 (53.6%) | 225 (51.6%) | 135 (41.2%) | |
| Divorced/separated | 626 (16.5%) | 166 (21.0%) | 160 (30.0%) | |
| Widowed | 689 (17.1%) | 107 (13.9%) | 65 (11.4%) | |
| Never married | 383 (12.5%) | 93 (13.4%) | 93 (17.2%) | |
| Missing | 7 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | |
| Worked in past year | 747 (28.4) | 120 (21.7%) | 87 (16.1%) | <0.001 |
| Family income (% of poverty level) | <0.001 | |||
| <200% | 1,120 (35.7%) | 317 (47.7%) | 245 (51.2%) | |
| 200%-399% | 755 (27.2%) | 125 (24.5%) | 96 (23.7%) | |
| ≥400% | 734 (28.1%) | 106 (19.3%) | 80 (16.4%) | |
| Missing | 268 (9.1%) | 44 (8.4%) | 33 (8.7%) | |
| Health status | ||||
| No. of diagnosed medical conditions | 2.82 ± 1.6 | 3.29 ± 1.5 | 3.43 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1,105 (37.8%) | 254 (41.6%) | 183 (43.5%) | 0.1 |
| Hypertension | 2,177 (74.0%) | 460 (79.8%) | 353 (76.9%) | 0.07 |
| Heart disease | 1,237 (42.2%) | 295 (48.8%) | 244 (55.5%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 410 (13.9%) | 106 (15.2%) | 85 (19.2%) | 0.07 |
| Liver disease | 202 (6.4%) | 72 (11.7%) | 56 (12.6%) | <0.001 |
| Lung disease | 735 (24.7%) | 244 (39.3%) | 218 (44.1%) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis | 467 (16.7%) | 170 (27.1%) | 144 (29.0%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 745 (25.5%) | 138 (21.8%) | 91 (21.2%) | 0.1 |
| No. of above medical conditions difficult to manage | 0.95 ± 1.1 | 1.66 ± 1.3 | 1.71 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Had difficulty managing depression/anxiety | 77 (2.5%) | 76 (11.7%) | 117 (24.9%) | <0.001 |
Note: Values expressed as number (percent) or mean ± standard deviation. Probability values were calculated using Pearson χ2 tests for categorical variables and 1-way analysis of variance for age and number of medical conditions. The n/N may be unequal to the perventages shown for the categorical variables as the proportions were calculated accounting for the survey sampling design.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; K6, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale.