Table 2.

Selected protein, DNA, and miRNA biomarkers highlighted for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, reported between 2016 and 2019

	Marker type	Sample	Technique	AUC	Reference
TSP-2 and CA19-9	Protein	Blood plasma	ELISA and MS	0·96 (PDAC all stages vs HC)	79
TSP-1 and CA19-9	Protein	Blood serum	MS	0·86 (pre-diagnostic PDAC vs HC)	80
MUC1 and MUC2	Protein	Pancreatic juice	IHC	0·85 (malignant vs benign IPMN)	81
LYVE-1, REG1A, and TFF1	Protein	Urine	ELISA	0·93 (PDAC stage 1 and 2 vs HC)	82
miR-16, –24, –27a, –30a.5p, –323·3p, –20a, –25, –29c, –483·5p and CA19–9	miRNA and protein	Blood serum	microRNA array	0·93 (PDAC stage 1 and 2 vs HC)	83
Cysteamine or GSH or PPAR-γ (VNN1)	Protein	Blood serum	HPLC or ELISA	0·84, 0·86, 0·82 (PDAC vs HC)	84
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and clinical features	Protein	Blood serum	Clinical measurement	0·89 (non-invasive vs invasive IPMN)	85
CEMIP	Protein	Blood serum	ELISA	0·94 (PDAC including Lewis-negative individuals vs benign disease and HC)	86
29-protein biomarker panel	Protein	Blood serum	Antibody microarray	0·96 (PDAC stage 1 and 2 vs HC)	87
CancerSEEK	Mutant cell-free DNA and eight circulating proteins	Blood plasma	Multianalyte test	Sensitivity over 70% when specificity is over 99% (PDAC vs HC)	88

AUC=area under (receiver operating characteristic) curve. CA19-9=carbohydrate antigen 19-9. ELISA=enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HC=healthy controls. PLC=high-performance chromatography. IHC=immunohistochemistry. IPMN=intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. MS=mass spectrometry. PDAC=pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.