Table 1. Randomized control trail comparing endoscopic and conventional radial artery harvesting.

Author (Year) [Reference]	Study Period	Country	Type of Study	Inclusion Criteria	Outcome	Note	f/u: month(SD)
Shapira et al. (2006a) [32]	<2005	United States	RCT	First-time isolated CABG	Histological changes, mortality, post-op MI, stroke, wound complication	Three groups (harmonic shears), pathology, and velocity	Until discharge
Rudez et al. (2007) [31]	2002/10~2004/10	Croatia	RCT	CABG patients	Mortality, neurological complication, wound pain, ulnar artery flow	Post operation echo for ulnar artery	37(7)
Grus et al. (2011) [30]	2005/01~2007/12	Czech Republic	RCT	Exclusion criteria by doppler: occluded RA, hypoplastic RA, chronic dissection of RA, stenotic subclavian artery, stenotic ulnar artery, patient’s on chronic dialysis	Wound, neurological complication, in-hospital mortality	Three groups (mini-invasive), RA used as Y-graft together with LIMA	Until discharge (about 10 days)
Nowicki et al. (2011) [29]	2004/1/1~ 2007/12/31	Poland	RCT	Exclusion criteria: 1. age > 70; 2. body weight >95 kg; 3. need of bilateral artery or additional saphenous vein; 4. abnormal Allen test; 5. coexistence of chronic renal failure or renal disease	Graft occlusion, endothelium with CD31, eNOS stain	Outcome measured by immunohistochemical analysis. CD31, eNOS staining patency measured by sonography	36
Kiaii et al. (2017) [25] Burns et al. (2015) [26] Burns et al. (2014) [27] Kiaii et al. (2013) [28]	2005/04~2007/01	Canada	RCT	1. coronary artery disease, need elective or urgent CABG; 2. age > 18; 3. Allen test negative	Pain, hospital days, wound, neurological complication, mortality, patency, quality of life	Urgent operation, EAH vs. OAH: 48.3% vs. 54.2%	60
Tamim et al. (2017) [24]	2013~2016	Saudi Arabia	RCT	Nonemergent on-pump CABG	Patency	f/u patency by 64-slice cardiac CT, only abstract	12
Navia et al. (2012) [34] Navia et al. (2011) [35]	2002/01~2004/07	United States	NRCT, matching.	Inclusion criteria: patient receiving CABG Exclusion criteria: 1. Allen test positive or perfusion index <45%; 2. Raynaud disease, Dupuytren contracture, rheumatoid arthritis, subclavian stenosis, and renal failure needing H/D	Wound complication, neurological complication, mortality, organ failure	N/A	Until discharge
Bisleri et al. (2016) [33]	2005/01~2014/01	Italy	NRCT, matching.	Patient receiving on-pump total arterial CABG surgery. At least 85%~90% target stenosis	Mortality, neurological complication, MACE, patency	N/A	60
Galajda et al. (2002) [47]	1999/01~2000/12	Hungary	Retrospective study	CABG patients	Mortality, wound, neurological complication	Both side RA of 200 patients	12
Patel et al. (2004) [46]	Before 2004	United States	Prospective, NRCT	Primary CABG Exclusion criteria: incomplete palmar arch, no compensatory flow, or renal failure	Neurological complications, wound complications	All case harvesting unilateral side RA	6
Shapira et al. (2006b) [45]	2002/12~2004/06	United States	Retrospective study	CABG patients	Mortality, MACE, wound complication	N/A	1
Bleiziffer et al. (2007) [44] Bleiziffer et al. (2008) [42]	2004/03~2005/07	Germany	Retrospective study	CABG patients Exclusion criteria: 1. age > 70; 2. abnormal Allen test or duplex finding; 3. coexistence of chronic renal disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, M. Dupuytren, severe arterial obstructive disease, visible calcification of RA	Neurological complications, long-term patency rate.	In 2007 study, three patients were excluded due to contraindication of application of contrast agent OAH group was randomly and retrospectively selected f/u by CT	12
Burris et al. (2008) [41]	2004/06~2007/05	United States	Retrospective study	Isolated off-pump CABG Exclusion criteria: creatinine level exceeding 2.0 mg/dL, abnormal Allen test, under hemodialysis, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or Raynaud disease	Pathological patency	Checked by optical coherence tomography CT angiogram for patency, EAH, OAH group had cadaver artery (20, 4)	Until discharge
Kim et al. (2007) [43]	2000/04~2005/07	Korea	Retrospective study	Primary CABG, RA as secondary conduit Exclusion criteria: 11 died within 6 months and 4 lost f/u	Wound, neurological complication, short-term patency	OAH during 2000/04~2003/04. EAH during 2003/05~2005/07 Patency rate by MDCT	6
Medalion et al. (2008) [40]	before 2008	Israel	Prospective, NRCT	First-time isolated CABG	MACE, wound infection, RA vasoreactivity and relaxation.	Vasoreactivity and relaxation checked by histological examination, H&E, Masson trichrome and Verhoeff van Gieson’s stains	Until discharge
Ito et al. (2009) [39]	2006/02~2008/03(EAH) 2003/08~2005/11(OAH)	Japan	Prospective, NRCT	Patient receiving CABG surgery, age <75 Exclusion criteria: chronic kidney disease, Allen test positive, RA diameter <2 mm	Wound, neurological complication, mortality, MACE, ICU stay, hospital stay	EAH was done by prospective study and retrospective data for control group (OAH), patency measured by angiography, patency rate counted by anastomosis	Until discharge
Ito et al. (2011a) [36] Ito et al. (2011b) [37]	1999/04~2009/12	Japan	Retrospective study	Isolated off-pump CABG	Mortality, cardiac death, cardiac event, short-term and long-term patency rate	N/A	36
Dimitrova et al. (2010) [38]	2000/02~2008/01(EAH) 1995/01~2000/01(OAH)	United States	Retrospective study	Patient receiving CABG and receiving postoperative angiography	Mortality, MACE, long-term patency rate	Post-operation angiography Total patient with EAH/OAH: 727/724, included in patency rate study: total 202	EAH/OAH: 36(24)/78.3(40)

CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CT, computed tomography; EAH, endoscopic radial artery harvesting; f/u, follow-up time; H/D, hemodialysis; ICU, intensive care unit; LIMA, left internal mammary artery; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; MDCT, multidetector computed tomography; MI, myocardial infarction; NRCT, non-randomized controlled trial; OAH, open radial artery harvesting; RA, Radial artery; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SD, standard deviation. Ps: Different methods were used for the outcome measurement in each study: (a) by pathology: Shapira et al. (2006a); (b) by computed tomography: Tamim et al. (2017), Bleiziffer et al. (2007), (2008), Burris et al. (2008), and Kim et al. (2007); (c) by angiography: Kiaii et al. (2017), Ito et al. (2009), and Dimitrova et al. (2010); (d) by sonography: Nowicki et al. (2011).