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. 2020 Jul 9;22(7):e18527. doi: 10.2196/18527

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©Haiyan Yu, Yali Wang, Jying-Nan Wang, Ya-Ling Chiu, Hang Qiu, Mingyue Gao. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 09.07.2020.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Framework of the causal effect study on the outcome of physicians’ service volumes, with D=1 indicating that physicians received honorary titles (in the treatment group), D=0 indicating the control group, T=1 indicating the postaward period, and T=0 indicating the preaward period.