Table 2.

Characteristics of the 11 selected studies.

Reference	Disease or disability	Sample size	Participants’ demographics	Outcome data collection method	Study location	Potential bias
Clark et al, 2002 [40]	Stroke	1	52 years, white, woman	Pre-post comparison	United States	Small sample size, racial bias, and gender bias
Forducey et al, 2003 [41]	Traumatic brain injury	1	39 years, man	Pre-post comparison	United States	Small sample size and gender bias
Barlow et al, 2009 [42]	MIa	10	Mean age=72.2 years, 8 women	Telehealth vs face-to-face comparison	Canada	Small sample size and gender bias
Kelso et al, 2009 [43]	DDb	4	Children (birth to 3 years)	Questionnaire and interview	United States	Small sample size
Schein et al, 2010 [44]	MI	40	Mean age=55 years, 36 white, 25 women	Pre-post comparison	United States	Racial bias and good sample size
Olsen et al, 2012 [45]	DD	30	Children (birth to 3 years)	Pre-post comparison	United States	Good sample size
Crotty et al, 2014 [46]	35 stroke, 10 fracture, 33 cognitive impairment, 4 joint replacement, 22 others	104	Community residents (n=61): mean age=73.4 years, 26 women. Rural nursing home patients (n=43): mean age=83 years, 30 women	Pre-post comparison, questionnaire, interview, and focus group	Australia	Good sample size
Levy et al, 2015 [47]	21 musculo-skeletal disorder, 4 MSc, 1 stroke	26	24 men, 18 aged 50-64 years, 8 aged >64 years	Pre-post comparison	United States	Gender bias and age bias
Langkamp et al, 2015 [48]	DD	4/137	Mean age=9.2 years, 131 white	Pre-post comparison, survey, and interview	United States	Small sample size, age bias, and racial bias
Sangelaji et al, 2017 [49]	MS	4	Ages 56, 56, 65, 75 years, all women	Pre-post comparison, interview, and questionnaire	New Zealand	Age bias and gender bias
Portaro et al, 2018 [50]	Facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy	4	4 siblings, no gender or age information	Pre-post comparison	Italy	Small sample size and limited population

^aMI: mobile impairment.

^bDD: developmental disability.

^cMS: multiple sclerosis.