Table 3.

Duration, intervention, outcome measures, and intervention results for the 11 selected studies.

Reference	Duration of intervention	Interventions	Outcome measures	Results
Clark et al, 2002 [40]	17 months	PTa, OTb, SLTc, vocational rehabilitation, and psychological services	Mobility, self-care ability, emotion, language ability, and cost and travel savings	Patient was functionally independent in household walking and self-care; functional use of affected lower extremity for support and balance; patient could express basic needs independently, communicate complex ideas; caregiver’s mood was more positive; and cost and travel savings
Forducey et al, 2003 [41]	24 weeks	PT, OT, SLT, neuro-psychological services, and telementoring	Physical and cognitive function of patients and nursing home staff’s perception and satisfaction	Improvements in neuropsychological status and physical functioning and the telementoring program was very beneficial
Barlow et al, 2009 [42]	2 years	Wheelchair seating assessment and intervention	Patient and therapists’ satisfaction, intervention goal attainment, travel expense, therapists’ time spent in providing service, and wait time and completion time	Clients had similar satisfaction ratings to those seen F2Fd; clients had their goals met as often as clients seen F2F; travel cost savings; rural therapists spent more time in preparation and follow-up; and clients had shorter wait times for assessment than rural F2F clients
Kelso et al, 2009 [43]	1 month for 2 families, 3 months for the other 2 families	EIe (SLT, OT, and PT)	Parental satisfaction, usability of the system, interventionists’ feedback, and cost and travel savings	Videoconferencing-based tele-EI system is both usable and satisfactory to most participants; parents and therapists experienced technical problems; and cost savings for delivering EI via telehealth
Schein et al, 2010 [44]	88 min on average	Assessment and prescription of wheelchair and seating	Users’ satisfaction, comfort and time and cost savings	A high level of patient satisfaction and saved money and time
Olsen et al, 2012 [45]	1 year	EI, home visits, and coaching model	Cost savings, participants’ rating, and provider and family satisfaction	Cost savings and increased availability of services from specialists; parents’ comfort with technical skills was high; provider’s ratings of comfort with the telehealth experience were high; parents were satisfied with each visit modality; most providers (79%) were satisfied with the telehealth experience; and telehealth removed time and travel barriers and increased availability of qualified personnel
Crotty et al, 2014 [46]	Up to 8 weeks	Coaching model, feedback and homework for the patient, SLT, OT, PT, and medical reviews	Participants’ satisfaction, goal attainment, number of home visits, service time, travel time; cognitive impairment, mood, quality of life, and functional level and perceived ease of technology use	Participants achieved 75% of the goals; high levels of satisfaction; a 50% reduction in home visits by staff; speech therapists doubled occasions of services and direct patient contact time but halved their travel time; patients achieved >50% of their goals; most patients achieved their anticipated or better outcome; telehealth was acceptable and perceived positively by older people; and in approximately 2/3 cases, clinicians were equally satisfied with telehealth compared with F2F sessions
Levy et al, 2015 [47]	On average 99 days	PT	Functional level, quality of life, and satisfaction	Significant improvement in most outcome measures; 96% of patients were satisfied with the telehealth experience; and avoided travel miles, driving time, and travel reimbursement
Langkamp et al, 2015 [48]	1 year	Connection to primary doctor	Parents’ satisfaction, school staff's satisfaction and comfort with the program, and participating practice members’ experience with the program	Most parents had a high level of satisfaction with the program; parents were satisfied with the care their child received; school staff noticed benefits of telehealth; and participating providers agreed to continue the participation
Sangelaji et al, 2017 [49]	24 weeks	12 weeks Web-based physiotherapy followed by 12 weeks behavioral change intervention	Participants’ feedback, physical activity, body function and composition; quality of life, fatigue, and mental status	Intervention was not effective for the participants; accepted telehealth practice; overall dissatisfaction with using the activity monitors; and both positive and negative aspects of website use
Portaro et al, 2018 [50]	6 months	Telemonitoring, psychological consultation, neurological, and pneumological assessment	Number of hospital admissions, patients’ satisfaction, the clinical impact, and quality of life	Reduced hospital admissions; patients had a mild improvement in emotional and mood status; body mass index remained stable; patients developed better skills to solve problems; no change on caregiver burden; and reasonable level of satisfaction

^aPT: physical therapy.

^bOT: occupational therapy.

^cSLT: speech and language therapy.

^dF2F: face-to-face.

^eEI: early intervention.