. 2020 Jul 6;22(7):e17100. doi: 10.2196/17100

Table 2.

Performance of learners within study arms.

Study group	N	Pretest (%), mean (SD)	Posttest (%), mean (SD)	Life-Saving Instructions for Emergencies smartphone app effect^a
				Correlation^b	Effect size (95% CI)
Control group	148	56.1 (23.2)	85.8 (15.6)	0.226	1.031 (0.789-1.274)
Experiment group	99	50.4 (21.4)	81.8 (17.7)	0.335	1.272 (0.966-1.577)

^aEffect size based on intra-individual changes in test scores accounting for correlation between the scores in a single-group pretest posttest design [51].

^bPearson R correlation between the scores within the study arm.