Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate adjusted odds ratios of risk factors for contact lens–associated dry eye.
| Risk factors | Univariate odds ratio (95% CI) |
Multivariate odds ratio (95% CI) |
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| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
|
|
Age (per year) | 0.99 (0.975-0.998) | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | ||||||
|
|
Sex (female vs male) | 1.75 (1.33-2.23) | 1.53 (1.05-2.24) | ||||||
|
|
Height (cm) | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | 1.00 (0.98-1.02) | ||||||
|
|
Weight (kg) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | N/Aa | ||||||
| CLb use (0-10 years) | 0.98 (0.95-1.02) | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | |||||||
| CL duration (hours per day) |
|
|
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|
|
0-6 | 1 (N/A) | 1 (N/A) | ||||||
|
|
7-12 | 1.25 (0.77-2.05) | 1.28 (0.76-2.14) | ||||||
|
|
13-18 | 1.19 (0.74-1.92) | 1.24 (0.74-2.06) | ||||||
|
|
19-24 | 1.77 (0.93-3.36) | 1.45 (0.73-2.85) | ||||||
| Contact lens type |
|
|
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|
|
Hard | 1 (N/A) | 1 (N/A) | ||||||
|
|
Disposable (daily) | 0.98 (0.61-1.58) | 0.82 (0.49-1.36) | ||||||
|
|
Disposable (biweeklyc) | 0.87 (0.54-1.40) | 0.76 (0.46-1.28) | ||||||
|
|
Disposable (monthly) | 1.30 (0.71-2.39) | 0.92 (0.48-1.77) | ||||||
|
|
Conventional lens | 1.23 (0.63-2.39) | 0.90 (0.44-1.83) | ||||||
| Medicated hypertension (yes vs no) | 0.51 (0.23-1.16) | N/A | |||||||
| Diabetes (yes vs no) | 0.96 (0.20-4.64) | N/A | |||||||
| Systemic diseases (yes vs no) |
|
|
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|
|
Blood disease | 1.92 (0.24-15.69) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Brain disease | 0.68 (0.13-3.54) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Collagen disease | 2.20 (0.27-17.65) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Heart disease | 2.12 (0.63-7.10) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Kidney disease | 2.91 (0.68-12.50) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Liver disease | 1.51 (0.33-6.85) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Malignant tumor | N/A | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Respiratory disease | 1.62 (0.96-2.75) | N/A | ||||||
| Hay fever (yes vs no) | 1.41 (1.13-1.77) | 1.38 (1.10-1.74) | |||||||
| Mental illness (yes vs no) |
|
|
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|
|
Depression | 1.91 (0.86-4.26) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Schizophrenia | 1.01 (0.28-3.62) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Other | 3.13 (1.43-6.84) | 2.51 (1.13-5.57) | ||||||
| Past diagnosis of dry eye disease | 2.11 (1.58-2.82) | 2.21 (1.63-2.99) | |||||||
| Ophthalmic surgery (yes vs no) |
|
|
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|
|
Cataract surgery | N/A | N/A | ||||||
|
|
LASIKd | 0.27 (0.04-1.95) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
Other | 2.58 (0.91-7.28) | N/A | ||||||
| Coffee (per cup per day) | 1.00 (0.92-1.10) | N/A | |||||||
| Screen exposure time (hours) |
|
|
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|
|
<4 | 1 (N/A) | 1 (N/A) | ||||||
|
|
4-8 | 1.08 (0.80-1.45) | 1.07 (0.79-1.45) | ||||||
|
|
>8 | 1.56 (1.11-2.19) | 1.61 (1.13-2.28) | ||||||
| Periodic exercise (yes vs no) | 0.83 (0.66-1.05) | N/A | |||||||
| Sleeping time (per hour per day) |
|
|
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|
|
<6 | 1.05 (0.82-1.36) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
6-9 | 1 (N/A) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
>9 | 1.24 (0.91-1.68) | N/A | ||||||
| Smoking (yes vs no) | 1.69 (1.26-2.28) | 2.07 (1.49-2.88) | |||||||
| Water intake (per 100 mL/d) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | N/A | |||||||
aN/A: not applicable.
bCL: contact lens.
cBiweekly: every 2 weeks.
dLASIK: laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.