Table 7.

Propensity score analysis of Kampo medicine.

References	Study design	Subjects (n)	Age, years (mean ± SD)	Disease/symptom	Kampo formulation	Comparator	Outcome
Jo et al. (146)	Propensity score analysis	2385	82.1 ± 4.8 82.1 ± 4.8	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation	DKT	No DKT	DKT users had a significantly lower risk of re-hospitalization or death after discharge. Subgroup analysis of long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists users showed a significant difference in re-hospitalization or death, while subgroup analysis of long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists non-users showed no significant difference.
Yasunaga (147)	Propensity score analysis	7758	76.2 (10.7) 76.2 (10.7)	Chronic subdural hematoma	GRS	No GRS	GRS use was significantly associated with a lower reoperation rate compared with non-use.
Yasunaga et al. (148)	Propensity score analysis	288	68.4 ± 10.1 67.9 ± 9.1	Postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction requiring long-tube decompression	DKT	No DKT	Patients who received DKT showed significant shorter duration of long-tube decompression (LTD), shorter duration between long-tube insertion and discharge, and lower hospital charges compared with patients without DKT. It suggested that DKT is effective for reducing the duration of LTD and saving costs.

DKT, daikenchuto; GRS, goreisan; SD, standard deviation.