Table 2.
Odds Ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values for each exposure from univariate and multivariate logistic regression models in the three defined comparisons**.
| Comparison 1 | Comparison 2 | Comparison 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Univariate Models | Multivariate Model | Univariate Models | Multivariate Model | Univariate Models | Multivariate Model |
| Male sex | 1.34* [1.21, 1.49] | 1.19* [1.07, 1.32] | 1.18* [1.05, 1.32] | 1.22* [1.08, 1.38] | 1.14* [1.08, 1.20] | 1.00 [0.95, 1.06] |
| 3.07 × 10−8 | 0.0017 | 0.0061 | 0.0012 | 7.68 × 10−7 | 0.9759 | |
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.00 [0.97, 1.03] | 0.96* [0.93, 1.00] | 0.93* [0.90, 0.96] | 0.94* [0.90, 0.97] | 1.09* [1.07, 1.11] | 1.03* [1.01, 1.05] |
| 0.8620 | 0.0316 | 1.17 × 10−5 | 9.64 × 10−4 | 5.81 × 10−24 | 0.0013 | |
| BAME ethnicity | 2.62* [2.23, 3.05] | 2.47* [2.10, 2.89] | 2.08* [1.72, 2.50] | 1.95* [1.60, 2.36] | 1.26* [1.14, 1.40] | 1.27* [1.14, 1.41] |
| 4.58 × 10−34 | 5.58 × 10−28 | 1.59 × 10−14 | 2.07 × 10−11 | 1.29 × 10−5 | 1.70 × 10−5 | |
| BMI (per 5kg/m2) | 1.30* [1.24, 1.36] | 1.19* [1.13, 1.25] | 1.10* [1.04, 1.16] | 1.09* [1.03, 1.16] | 1.19* [1.16, 1.22] | 1.09* [1.06, 1.12] |
| 2.19 × 10−29 | 7.63 × 10−11 | 3.62 × 10–4 | 0.0031 | 4.47 × 10−42 | 3.78 × 10−9 | |
| Diabetes | 2.39* [2.08, 2.74] | 1.52* [1.29, 1.79] | 1.24* [1.06, 1.45] | 1.17 [0.98, 1.41] | 1.94* [1.80, 2.09] | 1.34* [1.23, 1.46] |
| 7.39 × 10−35 | 3.72 × 10−7 | 0.0066 | 0.0882 | 1.05 × 10−65 | 2.80 × 10−11 | |
| Hypertension | 1.66* [1.50, 1.84] | 1.25* [1.09, 1.43] | 1.00 [0.89, 1.12] | 0.98 [0.84, 1.14] | 1.68* [1.59, 1.77] | 1.28* [1.20, 1.37] |
| 8.27 × 10−22 | 0.0010 | 0.9704 | 0.7727 | 1.27 × 10−82 | 5.90 × 10−13 | |
| High cholesterol | 1.62* [1.45, 1.81] | 1.12 [0.97, 1.28] | 0.97 [0.86, 1.10] | 0.95 [0.81, 1.11] | 1.68* [1.59, 1.78] | 1.19* [1.11, 1.27] |
| 5.20 × 10−18 | 0.1234 | 0.6592 | 0.5006 | 3.31 × 10−75 | 1.52 × 10−6 | |
| ACEi/ARB | 1.65* [1.45, 1.87] | 1.04 [0.89, 1.22] | 1.01 [0.88, 1.17] | 0.99 [0.83, 1.19] | 1.64* [1.54, 1.75] | 1.04 [0.96, 1.13] |
| 7.54 × 10−15 | 0.5885 | 0.8563 | 0.9468 | 2.31 × 10−51 | 0.3193 | |
| Prior MI | 1.79* [1.45, 2.17] | 1.18 [0.94, 1.46] | 0.88 [0.70, 1.10] | 0.85 [0.66, 1.08] | 2.05* [1.85, 2.25] | 1.39* [1.25, 1.54] |
| 1.41 × 10−8 | 0.1377 | 0.2770 | 0.1893 | 1.70 × 10−47 | 1.02 × 10−9 | |
| Smoking | 1.27* [1.15, 1.41] | 1.26* [1.13, 1.40] | 0.96 [0.86, 1.08] | 1.02 [0.90, 1.15] | 1.33* [1.26, 1.40] | 1.24* [1.17, 1.31] |
| 4.58 × 10−6 | 3.02 × 10−5 | 0.5348 | 0.7369 | 5.91 × 10−26 | 9.40 × 10−15 | |
Comparison 1: COVID-19 positive (n = 1,439) vs. not COVID-19 positive (tested negative plus untested cohort) (n = 494,838); Comparison 2: COVID-19 positive (n = 1,439) vs. COVID-19 test negative (n = 5,660); Comparison 3: COVID-19 test negative (n = 5,660) vs. untested population (n = 494,838). Results are odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value (from top to bottom) for each exposure. For continuous variables (age, BMI) coefficients refer to the effect on odds of the outcome per five unit increase in the exposures, i.e., 5-year increase in age and 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. The remaining exposures are set as binary measures with results showing effect of change from non-disease to disease states, male sex vs. female sex, BAME ethnicity vs. White ethnicity; smoking history (current/previous) vs. never smoked; ACEi/ARB use vs. no ACEi/ARB use on odds of the outcome.
Indicates p < 0.05. ACEi, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor; ARB, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; BMI, body mass index; coronavirus 2019: COVID-19; BAME, Black, Asian, and Minority ethnic; MI, myocardial infarction.