Table 1.

Result Table.

References	Design	Sample selection method	Sample size	Tool(s)	How debt is measured	Results
Kaufman (2015)	Quantitative cross sectional	Purposive sampling method	N = 139 farmers of Ubon Ratchathani Province (75 organic and 64 non-organic)	1. Questionnaire developed from interview results conducted by researcher in a prior research and the National Institute of Health (North America). 2. Information gathered on participants' households, environmental views. Perception of well-being, production methods.	Debt is measured by the severity level of loans the participant has.	Non-organic farmers in Ubon Ratchathani were significantly happier than organic farmers. However, both organic and non-organic farmers experience depression, or sadness in relation to their debts.
Lee et al. (2016)	Quantitative, longitudinal study	Stratified sampling	N = 7565 individuals from Korea age 19 and above	1. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-11) 2. Three questions measure house poor	Debt was defined by ratio of interest paid in household debts to disposable income.	After adjusting for covariates, the higher the house-related interest to disposable income ratio people with houses had, the higher the depression scores. In the middle-low equalized income group, people with over 10% house-related interest to disposable income ratios had significantly higher depression scores than people without houses when setting people with houses and no debts as the reference. In the low-income group, regardless of house possession or related interest status, people had noticeably higher depressive symptoms than individuals in other income groups except for people in the under 5% house related interest group
Manning et al. (2015)	Quantitative cross sectional	Purposive sampling	N = 2187 participants of a Treatment Outcome Monitoring program as part of the National Addictions Management Service for substance or Behavioral addiction problems. Diagnosed with primary alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, or gambling disorder or problematic gambling in Singapore.	1. The Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) 2. The Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS) 3. Personal Wellbeing Index 4. Questions about suicidal intent, plans, and attempts.	Debt was not defined.	Participants with debt were 1.9 times more likely to report suicidal thoughts in the past month, 1.6 times more likely to report a suicidal plan, and were 1.6 times more likely to attempted suicide.
Maselko et al. (2018)	Quantitative, cross sectional.	Cluster randomization	N = 1154 women in their third trimester of pregnancy at baseline who were randomly selected for a perinatal depression intervention in Pakistan average age of 26.6 (18–45)	1. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)	Debt was measured as a Yes/No/Unknown question whether the household was in debt.	Being in a family in debt was associated with a 2.08-point higher PHQ-9 score. Debt continued to independently predict depression symptoms together with the asset index in the current study. There was weak evidence that the association between debt and depression symptoms was stronger among those toward the bottom of the asset score distribution, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (results not shown).
Mathias et al. (2015)	Quantitative cross sectional	Randomized cluster sampling.	N = 958 individuals from North India with mean age of 39.4 (18–60)	1. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) 2. Questions about General health help-seeking behavior and health service utilization 3. Questions about talking therapy or medication prescription received 4. Adapted questions from the Client Service Receipt Inventory	Debt is not well defined, but is implied is the loans participants take in the last 6 months.	Depression prevalence among people who had taken a recent loan was thrice that of those who had not.
Seponski et al. (2018)	Quantitative cross sectional	Multi stage Cluster sampling	N = 2690 Cambodians age 21 and up.	1. Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) 2. Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25	Debt is not defined.	Respondents who were in debt had the highest percentage of anxiety (35.26%). Similarly, respondents who were in debt had the highest percentage of depression (27.75%) significant at (p <0.05)
Sharma et al. (2018)	Quantitative cross sectional	Purposive sampling	N = 100, 50 caregivers of Schizophrenia and 50 Bipolar Affective Disorder patients	1. Modified Caregiver Stress Index (MCSI) 2. Nepali version of Beck‘s Depression Inventory (BDI) 3. Beck‘s Anxiety Inventory (BAI)	How debt is measured is not defined. However, this research refers to debt due to illness.	Caregiver strain was found to be high and statistically significant with being in debt.
Shidhaye et al. (2016)	Quantitative cross sectional	Systematic random sampling	N = 1456 individuals from Chandur Bazaar and Shamangaon taluka age 18-87.	1. Marathi version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). 2. Questions on suicidal ideation which was adapted from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)	No definition of debt but implied it refers to loan.	The risk of depression was one and half times in individuals belonging to households below poverty line and it was double in those who were in debt.
Xu et al. (2015)	Quantitative, cross sectional	Cluster sampling	N = 4291 Individuals from China age 20-65 and above.	1. Question about suicidal ideation (Yes/No) in the past 12 months. 2. 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Chinese version	Debt is measured as a Yes/No question.	Being in debt is significantly positively associated with suicidal ideation, for women being in debt is related to suicide ideation within 12 months.