TABLE 6.
Effects of empirical interventions upon Mayer wave properties.
| Author(s) | Animal preparation | Intervention | Major findings |
| Preiss and Polosa, 1974 | Pentobarbital-anesthetized cats | Bilateral mechanical interruption of cervical vagal continuity | Mayer waves present in preganglionic neuronal recordings and cervical sympathetic fibers |
| intercollicularly decerebrate cats | Bilateral mechanical interruption of the aortic depressor nerve | Persisted successive to sinoaortic denervation | |
| Central frequency more consistent with vasogenic autorhythmicity | |||
| Japundzic et al., 1990 | Conscious rats | Atropine Atenolol Prazosin | Spectral power of oscillations of cardiac interval at the Mayer wave spectral band (0.2 to 0.605 Hz) reduced by atropine and atenolol sympathetic antagonism |
| Cardiac interval Traube–Hering (1.855 Hz) waves abolished by atropine | |||
| Mayer waves in arterial pressure waveform attenuated by prazosin | |||
| Traube–Hering waves in arterial pressure waveform attenuated by prazosin | |||
| Di Rienzo et al., 1991 | Unanesthetized decerebrate cats | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex (acute) | Spectral variabilities in arterial pressure included very low frequency (0.0012 to 0.0025), low frequency (0.025 to 0.07), medium frequency (0.07 to 0.14), and high frequency waves |
| Spectral power of VLF and LF augmented by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Spectral power of MF reduced by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Spectral power of HF unaffected by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Mancia et al., 1999 | Conscious cats | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex (chronic) | Systolic blood pressure variability augmented by sinoaortic denervation |
| Spectral power of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves in arterial blood pressure and cardiac interval augmented by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Coherence between dynamic arterial blood pressure and cardiac interval at the Mayer wave spectral band reduced by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Coherence between blood pressure and cardiac interval at the Traube–Hering spectral band reduced by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Cerutti et al., 1991a | Conscious normotensive and hypertensive Lyon rats | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | Mayer waves in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude and cardiac interval (0.38–0.45 Hz) abolished by sympathetic denervation and successive antagonism of b and a adrenergic receptors |
| Traube–Hering waves present in dynamic arterial pressure enhanced by atropine and in cardiac interval abolished by atropine (1.04–1.13 Hz) Hypertensive rats exhibited less basal sympathetic activity and less distinct Mayer wave spectral peaks | |||
| Cerutti et al., 1991b | Normotensive Lyon rats | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex (chronic) Guanethidine α adrenergic antagonism | Mayer waves present in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude (0.27–0.74 Hz, central tendency 0.38–0.45 Hz) |
| abolished by guanethidine sympathectomy and successive concurrent pharmacological antagonism of b and a adrenergic receptors | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer waves present in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude (0.27–0.74 Hz, central tendency 0.38–0.45 Hz) by treatment with phentolamine or propranolol | |||
| Traube–Hering and Mayer waves present in cardiac interval abolished by combined phentolamine and propranolol | |||
| Persson et al., 1992 | Conscious Wistar Kyoto rats Conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats | Prazosin Methylscopolamine | Mayer (0.06–0.15 Hz) and Traube–Hering waves present in splanchnic sympathetic nerve and blood pressure |
| Arterial pressure oscillations lagged those of splanchnic sympathetic nerve by 200 ms | |||
| Spectral band frequency ranges similar between splanchnic sympathetic nerve and blood pressure | |||
| Spectral band frequency ranges similar between Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats | |||
| Traube–Hering waves coherent between splanchnic sympathetic nerve and blood pressure | |||
| Prazosin reduced the fractional contribution of Mayer waves to total spectral power | |||
| Methylscopolamine failed to modify fractional contributions of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves | |||
| Montano et al., 1992 | Vagotomized unanesthetized decerebrated cats | Obstruction of the aorta or vena cava | Mayer (0.1 Hz) and Traube–Hering (0.32 Hz) waves present in cardiac interval, dynamic arterial blood pressure, and thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons |
| Spectral power of Mayer waves in cardiac interval and thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons enhanced by aortic of vena caval obstruction | |||
| Spectral power of Traube–Hering wave in cardiac interval and thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons reduced by aortic or vena caval obstruction | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer waves in cardiac interval reduced by sympathoinhibition | |||
| Spectral power of Traube–Hering waves in cardiac interval and thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons augmented by sympathoinhibition | |||
| Rubini et al., 1993 | Conscious freely-exploring rats | Phentolamine | High coherence between arterial pressure and cardiac interval at the very low frequency (0.08 Hz), Mayer wave (0.43 Hz) and Traube–Hering wave (1.36 Hz) spectral bands in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure and cardiac interval |
| Spectral power of Mayer waves in dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude abolished by phentolamine | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer waves in cardiac interval significantly reduced by phentolamine | |||
| Cerutti et al., 1994 | Conscious Sprague-Dawley rats with preserved baroreflex Conscious rats having preceding undergone sinoaortic denervation Previous studies by this group conducted upon Lyons rats | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex (chronic) Ganglionic antagonism in rats not having undergone mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | Spectral power of Mayer waves in arterial pressure reduced by sinoaortic denervation |
| Spectral power of Mayer waves in arterial pressure reduced by pharmacological antagonism of sympathetic ganglia using chlorisondamine in sinoaortic-intact rats | |||
| Coherence of between cardiac interval and dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude at the Mayer wave spectral band abolished by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Coherence between cardiac interval and dynamic arterial pressure magnitude at the Mayer wave spectral band refractory to sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Just et al., 1995 | Conscious dogs | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex (chronic) Cardiopulmonary deafferentation | Spectral power of low-frequency oscillations < 0.1 Hz augmented by sinoaortic denervation and cardiopulmonary deafferentation |
| Hexamethonium | Spectral power of low-frequency oscillations unmodified by treatment with hexamethonium or prazosin Hexamethonium and prazosin prevented augmentation of spectral power of low frequency oscillations successive to sinoaortic denervation and cardiopulmonary deafferentation | ||
| Prazosin | |||
| Stauss et al., 1995 | Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) Transgenic rats (TGR) subjected to mutation of the Ren-2 gene | Splanchnic sympathetic neural efferent discharge and dynamic arterial blood pressure Pharmacological antagonism of a1 adrenergic receptors | Mean arterial pressure and resting sympathetic activity varied across rat strains |
| Mean arterial pressure higher in spontaneously-hypertensive compared with transgenic rats | |||
| Resting sympathetic activity higher in spontaneously hypertensive compared with Wistar Kyoto rats | |||
| Resting sympathetic activity lower in transgenic compared with Sprague-Dawley rats | |||
| Mayer and Traube–Hering waves present in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves in arterial blood pressure and sympathetic neural efferent discharge reduced by pharmacological antagonism of a adrenergic receptor antagonism in Wistar Kyoto, Sprague Dawley, and transgenic rats possessing Ren-2 mutation | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves unmodified by pharmacological antagonism of a adrenergic receptors | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves uncorrelated with resting sympathetic neural efferent discharge | |||
| Jacob et al., 1995 | Ketamine acepromazine maleate-anesthetized rats | Mechanical interruption of baroreflex (i.e., sinoaortic denervation) Pharmacological ganglionic antagonism by chlorisondamine | Mayer and Traube–Hering waves evident and prominent in arterial pressure spectra |
| Mayer wave peak abolished by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Mayer wave peak abolished by pharmacological antagonism of ganglia with chlorisondamine in rats not having undergone sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Julien et al., 1995 | Conscious rats | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflexGuanethidine sympatholysis | Spectral power of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude |
| reduced 54% by sinoaortic denervation | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer and Traube–Hering waves in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude reduced 85% by sympatholysis induced by treatment with guanethidine | |||
| Traube–Hering waves unmodified by sinoaortic denervation or sympatholysis | |||
| Montano et al., 1995 | Unanesthetized decerebrate cats having undergone sinoaortic denervation | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | Mayer and Traube–Hering waves variably present in sympathetic-related neurons residing within the medullary division of the lateral tegmental field, |
| rostral ventrolateral medulla, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and caudal raphe | |||
| Mayer and Traube–Hering waves present in dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude | |||
| Coherence between sympathetic-related neuronal discharge and dynamic arterial pressure at at Mayer and Traube–Hering spectral bands | |||
| Montano et al., 1996 | Unanesthetized decerebrate cats having undergone sinoaortic denervation Urethane-anesthetized cats Having undergone sinoaortic denervation | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | Mayer and Traube–Hering waves variably present in sympathetic-related neurons residing within the medullary division of the lateral tegmental field, |
| rostral ventrolateral medulla, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and caudal raphe | |||
| Mayer and Traube–Hering waves present in dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude | |||
| Coherence between sympathetic-related neuronal discharge and dynamic arterial pressure at at Mayer and Traube–Hering spectral bands | |||
| Stauss and Kregel, 1996 | Conscious rats | Stimulation of transected distal end of the splanchnic nerve Recordings of mesenteric artery resistance and blood pressure | Stimulating the transected distal end of the splanchnic nerve generated spectra in mesenteric arterial resistance with central tendencies corresponding with stimulation frequency |
| The greatest response occurred with stimulation frequencies between 0.2 and 0.5 Hz | |||
| Oscillations of mesenteric resistance generated corresponding oscillations of dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude | |||
| Stimulating degenerated segments of nerve failed to modify mesenteric arterial resistance | |||
| Stauss et al., 1997 | Conscious rats | Delivery of tetanic stimuli to neurons residing within the paraventricular nucleus β adrenergic receptor antagonists Muscarinic antagonists | Authors demonstrated differential responsivity of splanchnic sympathetic neural efferent discharge, dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude, mesenteric arterial blood flow, and heart rate by different levels of stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus in the presence or absence of ganglionic antagonism |
| Optimal stimulation frequencies to generate oscillations of blood pressure, mesenteric arterial resistance, mesenteric arterial blood flow, and splanchnic nerve in the presence of intact ganglionic transmission were 0.2, 0.5, 0.5, and 1.0 Hz, respectively | |||
| Pharmacological antagonism of paravertebral ganglia abolished the development of oscillations in mesenteric arterial blood pressure, mesenteric arterial blood flow, and mesenteric arterial resistance | |||
| Stimulation of neurons residing within the paraventricular nucleus induced oscillations of splanchnic sympathetic neural efferent discharge in the presence or absence of pharmacological antagonism | |||
| Janssen et al., 1997 | Conscious rabbits possessing, or having undergone mechanical interruption of, continuity of renal sympathetic nerve | Moderate hypoxia | Amplitude of renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge and renal arteriolar tone augmented by moderate hypoxia in rats not having undergone renal denervation Renal blood flow reduced by moderate hypoxia |
| Amplitude of renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge, though not renal arteriolar tone, augmented by moderate hypoxia in rats having undergone renal denervation | |||
| Oscillations exhibiting a central frequency approximating 0.3 Hz correlated between renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge and renal blood flow induced by moderate hypoxia | |||
| Oscillations of the renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge transmitted to renal blood flow exhibiting a transfer function gain of 0.1 at frequencies exceeding 0.5 Hz | |||
| Bertram et al., 1998 | Urethane-anesthetized rats | Stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve Pharmacological antagonists of a adrenergic receptors Pharmacological antagonism of ganglia | Mayer waves induced in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude by sub-tetatnic delivery of electrical stimuli to the aortic depressor nerve |
| Amplitude of Mayer waves in dynamic arterial pressure magnitude attenuated by pharmacological antagonism of a adrenergic receptors and abolished by pharmacological antagonism of paravertebral chain sympathetic ganglia | |||
| Montano et al., 2000 | Unanesthetized intercollicularly decerebrated cats having undergone vagotomy | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex Mechanical interruption of spinomedullary continuity | Mayer waves in sympathetic neural efferent discharge and dynamic arterial pressure magnitude proved recalcitrant to mechanical interruption of the baroreflex and cervicomedullary continuity |
| Van de Borne et al., 2001 | Recipients of heart transplants of the family Homo, genus sapiens, and species sapiens Hypertensive individuals not having undergone transplantation | Recordings of dynamic arterial blood pressure and cardiac interval | Restoration of coherence between cardiac interval and arterial pressure at the Mayer wave spectral band |
| Progressive dynamic augmentation of sympathetic neural efferent discharge successive to transplantation of cardiac allograft likely reflecting sympathetic reinnervation of sinoatrial node | |||
| Julien et al., 2003 | Conscious rats possessing, or having undergone mechanical interruption of, continuity of the vagus and carotid sinus nerves | Mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | High coherence between renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge and dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude at the Mayer wave spectral band |
| Spectral power of Traube–Hering waves in renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge and dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude unmodified by chronic mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | |||
| Spectral power of Mayer waves in renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge and dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude | |||
| significantly reduced by chronic mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | |||
| Transfer function between renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge and dynamic arterial blood pressure magnitude consistent with a second-order low-pass filter in rats having undergone mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | |||
| Barrès et al., 2004 | Conscious rats possessing, or having undergone mechanical interruption of, continuity of the vagus and carotid sinus nerves | Jetted streams of air | Mayer waves (0.27–0.74 Hz band) present in arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity in sinoaortic intact condition |
| Non-zero coherence between dynamic arterial pressure and renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge at the Mayer wave spectral band present in rats not having undergone mechanical interruption of the baroreflex | |||
| Spectral power of, and coherence between dynamic arterial blood presure magnitude and renal sympathetic neural efferent discharge at, Mayer waves augmented by jetted streams of air | |||
| Spectral power at the Mayer wave spectral band reduced by mechanical interruption of the baroreflex and augmented by jetted streams of air | |||
| Kanbar et al., 2008 | Conscious freely-exploring rats | Intravenous bolus injection of phenylephrine (i.e., baroloading) | Baroreflex sensitivity greater in renal, compared with lumbar, sympathetic neural efferent discharge |
| Intravenous bolus injection of nitroprusside (i.e., barounloading) | Mayer waves present in renal and lumbar sympathetic neural efferent discharge exhibited an approximate central tendency of 0.4 Hz | ||
| Morris et al., 2010 | Vagus intact and Vagotomized unanesthetized decerebrate cats having undergone mechanical interruption of the vagus nerve | Mechanical interruption of vagal continuity | Mayer waves present in the spectra of recordings of neurons residing within the medullary raphe and metencephalon |
| Ott et al., 2011 | Unanesthetized decerebrate cats having undergone mechanical interruption of vagal continuity | Mechanical interruption of vagal continuity | Mayer waves present in the spectra of recordings of neurons residing within the retrotrapezoid nucleus, parafacial respiratory group, Botzinger complex, and ventral respiratory group |
CVLM, caudal ventrolateral medulla; mLTF, medullary division of the lateral tegmental field; RVLM, rostral ventrolateral medulla; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; TGR, transgenic rat.