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Cardiolipin derivatives 21 and 22 modulate TLR4 activity as agonists or antagonists. The switch between agonism and antagonism seems to be related to the presence of unsaturation on fatty chains. Alpinetin (45) is a natural flavonoid which can modulate TLR4 by downregulating its expression by the cell. Ferulic Acid (46) showed to antagonize TLR4 by disrupting the TLR4/MD-2 complex.
