FIGURE 2.

Two main approaches utilized preclinically to apply standardized and precise trauma to rodents include the stereotaxic approach (left) where a head-restrained rodent receives a vertically oriented impact of a specific velocity, force, and dwell time. More recently, to more closely model blast and other accelerative forces, a standardized rotational impact can be applied (right) by restraining the body and not the head, resulting in angular acceleration of the head along either the mediolateral axis (when applied laterally (Goldstein et al., 2012; Logsdon et al., 2017; Chen M. et al., 2018) or along the anteroposterior axis [when applied vertically (Namjoshi et al., 2014)].