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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020 Apr 25;107(5):887–896. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.022

Figure 4:

Figure 4:

Dose-dependent changes in immunohistochemical and molecular markers. Tumor regions treated with high radiation dose showed significantly more necrosis/fibrosis (A: arrows - frank necrosis; stars - frank fibrosis) on H&E staining (B) and lower Ki-67 (proliferation) staining (C) compared to their corresponding low-dose regions as well as a separate cohort of untreated TRAMP tumors (20x magnification). Moreover, high-dose tumor regions showed lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (E), LDHA expression (F), and MCT3/4 expression (I) compared to low-dose regions, consistent with the decreased hyperpolarized 13C lactate signal observed in the high dose regions. Additionally, high-dose regions showed slightly higher anti-caspase-3 (an apoptosis marker) staining (D), higher LDHB expression (G), and lower MCT1 (H) expression compared to low-dose regions or untreated tumors, but these differences were not statistically significant. (U = untreated, H = high, L = low; *, P < .05; **, P < .01; ***, P < .001; ****, p < .001)