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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 22.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2020 Jun 17;107(2):234–256. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.002

Figure 4. Multiple Mechanisms May Contribute to the Dysregulation of Cytokines in MDD.

Figure 4.

Immune cell production of cytokines is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory actions by glucocorticoids, and vagus nerve pathways, and proinflammatory actions influenced by the microbial composition and stress-induced DAMPs involving both the inflammasome and the NF-κB pathways. Ach, acetylcholine; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; HMGB1, high-mobility group binding protein-1; IL, interleukin; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor