TABLE 1.

Vital rates, growth rate and elasticity of seven bird species at various locations and periods ± standard deviation

Vital rates	Common Starling			Black‐tailed Godwit		Marsh Harrier	Spoonbill	White Stork	Common Tern	White‐tailed Eagle
Period (year)	1960–1978 (19)	1978–1990 (12)	1990–2012 (21)	2011–2016 (5)	2012–2016 (4)	1997–2015 (19)	1994–2008 (15)	1977–2000 (23)	1994–2008 (10)	1947–1974 (26)	1975–2008 (34)
Country	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	Switzerland	The Netherlands	Germany	Germany
Region	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	Kuststrook	Skriezekrite	The Netherlands	The Netherlands	Switzerland	IJsselmeer	Schlesw.‐Holst.	Schlesw.‐Holst.
Age of first reproduction	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	3	4	5	5
# Fledglings per breeding pair	2.56 ± 0	4.17 ± 0.238	3.73 ± 0.546	1.800 ± 0.618	2.461 ± 0.787	2.124 ± 0.409	1.859 ± 0.696	1.560 ± 0.463	1.294 ± 1.024	0.454 ± 0.278	1.573 ± 0.387
First‐year survival	0.331 ± 0.035	0.181 ± 0.051	0.102 ± 0.034	0.169 ± 0.074	0.169 ± 0.113	0.641 ± 0.093	0.607 ± 0.126	0.390 ± 0.096	0.555 ± 0.186	0.720	0.741
Second‐year survival	0.677 ± 0.049	0.615 ± 0.039	0.607 ± 0.151	0.858 ± 0.007	0.859 ± 0.007	0.804 ± 0.063	0.893 ± 0.026	0.861 ± 0.047	0.588 ± 0.208	0.889	0.800
Annual survival older birds	0.677 ± 0.049	0.615 ± 0.039	0.607 ± 0.151	0.858 ± 0.007	0.859 ± 0.007	0.804 ± 0.063	0.877 ± 0.010	0.861 ± 0.047	0.724 ± 0.131	0.816 a	0.813 a
Probability of adults breeding	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.5	0.63–0.95	0.475–1.0	1.0	0.954	0.954
Growth rate matrix (λ)	1.1	0.985	0.797	0.98	1.017	1.07	1.166	1.047	0.886	0.948	1.040
Elasticity of matrix	0.616	0.62	0.762	0.896	0.875	0.852	0.844	0.877	0.882	0.926	0.897

^aAge‐specific values were used.