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. 2020 Jul 24;10:12422. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69068-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative normalised gene expression of targets after injection of PAMAM-CNTs, dsRNA or PAMAM-CNT-dsRNA complexes. mtpol expression (A) was significantly decreased following injection of naked dsRNA_mtpol at 72 h (P < 0.05) post-injection. mtpol expression was also significantly reduced in PAMAM-CNT-dsRNA_mtpol injected larvae at 72 h (P < 0.001). Expression was significantly lower in PAMAM-CNT-dsRNA_mtpol compared to dsRNA_mtpol alone at 72 h (P < 0.01). α-tubulin expression (B) was significantly decreased following injection of naked dsRNA_αtub (P < 0.001). The α-tubulin expression was significantly reduced in PAMAM-CNT-dsRNA_αtub injected larvae (P < 0.001). Expression was significantly greater in PAMAM-CNT-dsRNA_αtub compared to dsRNA_αtub alone (P < 0.001). Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4 per treatment) as Log₁₀ relative normalised expression. Labelling with different letters indicates significant difference between treatments (a > b > c).