Table 1.
Participants. Controls and TLE characteristics (2nd and 3rd columns) and the three cognitive phenotype groups (4th through 6th columns). Generalized Cognitive Impairment (Generalized-CI), Focal Cognitive Impairment (Focal-CI) and No Cognitive Impairment (No-CI) – refer to TLE patient subgroups identified through the clustering analysis in Section 2.3.1. †Based on adjusted hippocampal z-score of <−1.5. If based on z < −1.0, 43% of TLE exhibited hippocampal atrophy. ‡One value missing from Generalized-CI. Please see text for interpretation of significant differences. (last column).
| Groups | Controls | All TLE | Generalized-CI | Focal-CI | No-CI | p (ANOVA/χ2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 83 | 111 | 20 | 34 | 57 | – |
| Age (years) [Mean ± SD] | 33.8 ± 10.6 | 39.6 ± 11.5 | 38.2 ± 13.5 | 36.6 ± 11.1 | 41.9 ± 10.4 | 0.17 |
| Gender (Male/Female) | 36/47 | 43/68 | 8/12 | 15/19 | 20/37 | 0.91 |
| Education (years) [Mean ± SD] | 15.8 ± 2.7 | 14.7 ± 2.7 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 16.2 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Mother Education (year) [Mean ± SD] | 14.6 ± 2.7 | 13.5 ± 2.7 | 12.6 ± 2.7 | 13.8 ± 2.3 | 13.6 ± 2.9 | <0.05 |
| Father Education (years) [Mean ± SD] | 14.8 ± 2.8 | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 11.9 ± 2.1 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | 14.7 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Race (Caucasian/Non-Caucasian) | 74/9 | 91/20 | 10/10 | 26/8 | 55/2 | <0.05 |
| Duration of Seizures (years) [Mean ± SD] | – | 16.8 ± 13.9 | 21.3 ± 16.7 | 13.2 ± 12.9 | 17.4 ± 13.2 | 0.17 |
| Recurring Seizure Onset Age (years) [Mean ± SD] | – | 22.8 ± 13.6 | 16.8 ± 11.9 | 23.4 ± 11.5 | 24.5 ± 14.6 | 0.17 |
| Drug Onset Age (years) [Mean ± SD] | – | 25.7 ± 13.6 | 18.3 ± 11.1 | 24.4 ± 11.2 | 29.0 ± 14.5 | <0.05 |
| Number of Anti-epileptic Drugs [Mean ± SD] | – | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.07 |
| Seizure Laterality (Left/Right/Bilateral/Uncertain) | – | 57/25/9/20 | 9/6/2/3 | 17/9/2/6 | 31/10/5/11 | 0.91 |
| Seizure Controlled for >1 year (Yes/No) | – | 61/50 | 8/12 | 20/14 | 33/24 | 0.66 |
| Hippocampal Atrophy (HA) [unilateral/bilateral]† | 2.5% | 23% | 33% [7%/26%] | 23% [13%/10%] | 20% [11%/10%] | <0.05 |
| Generalized Seizure History (Yes/No) | – | 55/56 | 16/4 | 15/19 | 24/33 | <0.05 |
| Number of Lifetime Generalized Seizures (0–5/6–50/51+)‡ | – | 61/40/9 | 3/11/5 | 19/12/3 | 39/17/1 | <0.001 |