Flubendazole induces autophagic cell death in TNBC cells. (A-B) MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were treated with flubendazole (0.5 µM) alone or in combination with 3-MA (1 mM) for 24 h, 3-MA was added 1 h before treatment of flubendazole. After treatment, cell viability was measured by MTT assay. (C-D) Colony formation assay of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells treated with flubendazole (0.5 µM) alone or in combination with 3-MA (1 mM). Representative images and quantification of colonies were shown. (E) MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were treated with flubendazole (0.5 µM) alone or in combination with 3-MA (1 mM) for 24 h, and apoptosis ratios were determined by flow cytometry analysis of Annexin-V/PI double staining. 3-MA was added 1 h before treatment of flubendazole. Representative images and quantification of apoptosis were shown. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. All data were representative of at least three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05, **, P < 0.01, ***, P < 0.001. Statistical significance compared with respective control groups.