Table 3.

TPL2-regulated chemokines

Chemokine/Chemokine receptors	TPL2 regulation	Pathways	Tumor-promoting	Reference
CXCL1	Transducer	MAPKs; C/EBPβ; NF-κB; AP-1	Cancer cell proliferation, chemotactic motility and migration, angiogenesis, metastasis; Immunosuppression	61, 153
CXCL2 (MIP-2)	Positively regulate transcription	MAPKs; NF-κB	cell proliferation, cancer cell stemness, immunosuppression, metastasis	12, 154, 155
CXCL3 (MIP-2 β)	Positively regulate transcription	MAPKs; PI3K/Akt	Cancer stem cell maintenance, cancer cell proliferation, migration	12, 154, 156
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Positively regulate transcription; Posttranscriptional modifications	NF-κB; MAPKs; AP-1; PI3K/Akt	Cancer cell proliferation, survival and stemness, angiogenesis, migration, EMT progression and metastasis	23, 157
CXCL12 (SDF-1)	Transducer	MAPKs; STAT3; NF-κB; PI3K/Akt	Tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, metastasis, chemoresistance	158 7
CCL2	Positively regulate transcription	PI3K/Akt; STAT3; MAPKs; SMAD3; NOTCH1	Tumor growth and migration, angiogenesis, metastasis and invasion, stem cell acquisition, immunosuppression	159, 160
CCL5	Negatively regulate transcription	PI3K/Akt; NF-κB STAT3; MAPKs; mTOR	Cancer cell proliferation, malignant transformation; T cell-mediated antitumor immunity	12, 154, 161
CCR5	Maintain expression; Posttranscriptional modification	MAPKs; NF-κB	Inhibit tumor growth, optimize anti-tumor response, immunosuppression	162, 163
CCL7	Positively regulate transcription	MAPKs	EMT progression, metastasis, tumor growth, promote antitumor immunity	12, 154, 164
CXCL10	Negatively regulate transcription		Patient survival, anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-tumor activity	12, 154, 165
CXCR4	Positively regulate transcription	MAPKs; FAK; PI3K/Akt; NF-κB; NOTCH	Tumor growth, angiogenesis, EMT and metastasis, inflammation, stem cell acquisition	7, 166