Table 3.
Studies applying ultrasound to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) or MSC‐based therapies, organized by organ system
| Organ system | DUS | LIUS | HIFU | ESWT | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +MB | −MB | +MB | −MB | +MB | ||
| Adipose | [89, 94] | |||||
| Bone | [46, 66, 72, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 96, 97, 98] | [60, 77, 86, 87, 88, 99] | ||||
| Cartilage | [67, 78, 79, 81, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100] | |||||
| CNS | [76, 95] | [45, 101] | [54, 59] | |||
| Heart | [63, 102] | [40] | [44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 62, 103] | [52, 53] | ||
| Kidney | [36] | [38, 57, 64, 104] | [61, 105] | |||
| Liver | [75] | |||||
| Muscle | [37, 39, 41, 43, 64] | [35, 51] | ||||
| Pancreas | [42] | |||||
| Urogenital | [58] | [55, 56, 71] | ||||
| Undifferentiated | [65, 68, 73, 74, 80] | [69, 70] | ||||
Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; DUS, diagnostic ultrasound; ESWT, extracorporeal shockwave therapy; HIFU, high‐intensity focused ultrasound; LIUS, low‐intensity ultrasound; MB, microbubble.